NScience | 1 - 200 Flashcards
1
Q
The Fresnel Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon
A
Diffraction
2
Q
Babinet’s Principle states that a certain type of pattern from this phenomenon is identical to the hole it begins at
A
Diffraction
3
Q
The Fraunhofer Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon
A
Diffraction
4
Q
Name for the bending of light as it goes through a gap
A
Diffraction
5
Q
The Sellmeier Equation is a relationship between this and the wavelength for a set transparent medium
A
Index of Refraction
6
Q
QEO (Quadratic electro-optic) Effect
The Kerr Effect is the change of this phenomenon in response to an electric field
A
Index of Refraction
7
Q
The arctangent of the ratio of two values of this quantity gives Brewster’s Angle
A
Index of Refraction
8
Q
This dimensionless optical quantity is proportional to the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence according to Snell’s Law
A
Index of Refraction
9
Q
Dimensionless optical quantity represented by “n”
A
Index of Refraction
10
Q
The Fenske Equation is used to calculate the number of theoretical plates required for this process
A
Distillation
11
Q
Perkin Triangles are used as a special apparatus for this process
A
Distillation
12
Q
Raschig Rings are used to form a packing configuration to increase the efficiency of this process
A
Distillation
13
Q
Components of this process are classified as “heavy key” or “light key” based on volatility
A
Distillation
14
Q
Azeotropes cannot be separated via this process
A
Distillation
15
Q
A fractional type of this process separates components of mixtures
A
Distillation
16
Q
This process is governed by Raoult’s Law
A
Distillation
17
Q
On graphs that plot pH versus volume during this process, an inflection point indicates the actual equivalence point
A
Titration
18
Q
A variant of this chemistry technique is named after Karl Fischer
A
Titration
19
Q
Burettes are commonly used in this chemistry technique
A
Titration
20
Q
Jean Perrin used this phenomenon to calculate Avogadro’s Number
A
Brownian Motion
21
Q
This phenomenon seems to allow a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, the Feynman Ratchet, to produce workable energy from random motion
A
Brownian Motion
22
Q
Concept named for a Scottish Botanist based off of the motion of pollen particles
A
Brownian Motion
23
Q
Law that states an equilibrium will shift to accommodate any changes, named for a French chemist
A
Le Chatelier’s Principle
24
Q
The Ives-Stilwell and Rossi-Hall Experiments both deal with this concept
A
Time Dilation
25
The **Hafele-Keating Experiment** tested this phenomenon by flying several planes around the world
Time Dilation
26
First observed with its impact on the Doppler Effect
Time Dilation
27
These entities are described by a modified form of the **Sakuma-Hattori Equation**
Black Bodies
28
These entities can be assumed to have infinite energy, which leads to **ultraviolet catastrophe**
Black Bodies
29
These entities absorb all incident radiation
Black Bodies
30
The Clausius theorem gives that an **integral of a change in this quantity expressed as "negative delta Q over T"**
Entropy
31
Denoted "**S**"
Entropy
32
Quantity calculated by multiplying Boltzmann's constant by the natural logarithm of the number of microstates
Entropy
33
A law of this quantity implies that **Carnot engines** cannot be perfectly efficient and establishes an **arrow of time**
Entropy
34
This quantity is zero for only a perfect crystal at zero kelvin
Entropy
35
The **Van't Hoff Equation** relates the change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature given the standard change of this quantity
Enthalpy
36
This quantity minus the product of temperature and change is entropy
Enthalpy
37
Internal energy plus pressure times volume (U+P*V)
Enthalpy
38
Symbolized "H"
Enthalpy
39
The motion of a body with three distinct values for this quantity is described by the **Tennis Racket Theorem**
Moment of Inertia
40
This quantity is unchanged when an object is deformed along an axis in the **Stretch Rule**
Moment of Inertia
41
The **Parallel Axis Theorem** can be used to find this quantity, which is equal to torque over angular acceleration
Moment of Inertia
42
This quantity is the **rotational analog of mass**, denoted "**I**"
Moment of Inertia
43
This quantity is an objects resistance to a change in rotation
Moment of Inertia
44
This quantity is measured by **Wilhelmy Plates**
Surface Tension
45
This quantity is reduced by the use of **surfactants**
Surface Tension
46
This quantity allows for insects to walk on water and for water droplets to maintain their shape
Surface Tension
47
Evans-Polanyi Principle
Activation Energy
48
Quantity represented as a "hump" in a reaction diagram
Activation Energy
49
Symbolized E-sub-a
Activation Energy
50
Minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
Activation Energy
51
**Lars Onsager** analytically solved a model describing this phenomenon in 2D
Ferromagnetism
52
**Ernst Ising** created the **Ising Model** for this quantity
Ferromagnetism
53
Materials with this property exhibit a Hysteresis loop
Ferromagnetism
54
These molecules are reacted with triphenylphosphine to form ethers
Alcohols
55
One of these groups reacts with a carboxylic acid in the **Fischer Esterification**
Alcohols
56
The Claisen rearrangement involves heating one of these compounds to give an unsaturated carbonyl
Ethers
57
These functional groups are the products of reactions named after Ullmann and Williamson
Ethers
58
Cyclic examples of these compounds include epoxides as well as their "crown" variant
Ethers
59
Who discovered Oxygen
Joseph Priestly
60
Element first isolated from urine by Hennig Brand in 1669
Phosphorous
61
Material in the tips of matchsticks
Phosphorous
62
This element is bonded to three phenyl groups in the key reagent used in the Wittig reaction
Phosphorous
63
This telescope was launched on Christmas Day 2021 by NASA to serve as a replacement for the Hubble Space Telescope
James Webb Telescope
64
Negative resistance occurs when electrons tunnel through a **P-N junction** in these devices named for Esaki
Diodes
65
Circuit component that only allows electrical flow in one direction
Diodes
66
Four of these devices form a "bridge" which helps convert AC to DC in **full-wave rectifiers**
Diodes
67
This man wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Isaac Newton
68
This man's namesake rings occur when light reflects between a spherical and a flat mirror
Isaac Newton
69
Robert Hooke accused this man of plagiarizing his own work on inverse square laws
Isaac Newton
70
When a radioactive particle enters this device, it converts a helium ion to a positive ion
Geiger - Muller Counter
71
One explanation for this process is the Geiger-Nuttall Law, which was later refuted by George Gamow
Alpha Decay
72
Process that decreases the mass number by four, atomic number by two, and releases a helium nucleus
Alpha Decay
73
What type of process occurs when a neutron turns into a proton, subsequently releasing an electron during the process
Beta decay
74
The Fermi-Kurie plot models this process
Beta decay
75
This technique uses optical and electron devices to magnify small things
Microscopy
76
This biological process is the "dark reactions" of photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
77
This person and Augustus Matthiessen isolated lithium from lithium chloride
Robert Bunsen
78
Gustav Kirchhoff and this man analyzed emission spectra to discover cesium
Robert Bunsen
79
These organisms excrete waste via an osculum and contain hardy buds called gemmules
Porifera
80
These organisms interiors are lined with choanocates
Porifera
81
Translocation of proteins into this organelle is regulated by the TIM/TOM complex
Mitochondrion
82
The folds of this organelle’s inner membrane are known as cristae
Mitochondrion
83
Chalcophiles are metas with a preference for bonding to this element
Sulfur
84
This scientist is the namesake of an irreversible process in which a gas expands to fill a container
James Joule
85
Large objects of this type are capable of burning lithium, but not hydrogen
Brown dwarfs
86
“Gauche”, “eclipsed”, and “staggered” are terms used to describe one form of the spatial subtype of this phenomenon, known as **conformers**
Isomers
87
In 1967 the British chemist Ian Fleming deduced the full structure of this compound, which usually has a 20-carbon phytol chain
Chlorophyll
88
A temperature of 1K wad measured in the “Boomerang” entity of this type
Nebula
89
When low-mass stars become white dwarfs, the planetary type of these structures form
Nebula
90
This man was the first to liquify chlorine and synthesize tetrachloroethylene
Michael Faraday
91
SI unit of Capacitance
Farad
92
These proteins bind tightly to antigens
Antibodies
93
These molecules are created from cloned B Cells
Antibodies
94
These proteins are Y-shaped and made of two heavy and two light chains
Antibodies
95
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes coexistence curves in these structures
Phase Diagrams
96
These graphs usually plot pressure against temperature, and show when a substance will be a solid/liquid/gas
Phase Diagrams
97
In Selenomonas, these structures arrange themselves in a fascicle
Flagellum
98
These structures contain a FliG switch that allows them to change direction
Flagellum
99
These structures are anchored by the basal body
Flagellum
100
Robert Millikan studied the motion of oil droplets in an experiment demonstrating this quantity
Electric Charge
101
SI Unit for Charge
Coulombs
102
This quantity is raised to the fourth power in the Rydberg formula
Charge
103
These machines were created to calculate force and tension of objects under constant acceleration, two masses connected by a tight string draped over a pulley
Atwood Machines
104
Type of rock coming out of ground
Extrusive rock
105
Most severe thunderstorm
Supercell
106
Phylum of sponges
Porifera
107
This region is where the cell's spindle fibers attach (where chromosome pieces are connected [X])
Centromere
108
This organelle serves as the main microtubule-organizing center of animal cells
Centrosome
109
This scientist used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism
Thomas Hunt Morgan
110
This man names the unit of genetic linkage and worked in the "Fly Room"
Thomas Hunt Morgan
111
Prior to Guglielmo Marconi this man made the farthest radio transmission
Ernest Rutherford
112
This scientist names his "Gold-Foil" Experiment and discovered the atomic nucleous
Ernest Rutherford
113
This scientist created the plum pudding model for the atom
J. J. Thomson
114
This man has a namesake elastic scattering of light by a charged particle
J. J. Thomson
115
For all integers n greater than 2, x to the n plus y to the n cannot equal z to the n
Fermat's Last Theorem
116
This thing is characterized by the Draper point, set at 798 kelvins
Black Body
117
The Sparkle model describes complexes involving these elements
Lanthanides
118
This group on the periodic table includes most rare earth metals
Lanthanides
119
This elements sulfate is used to prevent seizures in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia
Magnesium
120
Epsom salts contain this metal, which comes in turings or ribbons
Magnesium
121
This metal corrodes on exposure to Mercury
Aluminum
122
Efficient production of this element uses magnetohydrodynamics to stir vats of ore mixed with calcium fluoride
Aluminum
123
The Bayer process processes Bauxite to create this metal
Aluminum
124
The dot product of force and this quantity equals power
Velocity
125
Equating the gravitational potential and kinetic energies allows one to calculate its "escape" value
Velocity
126
Red dwarf star named for an American astronomer and has the largest known proper motion
Barnard's Star
127
E. E. Barnard discovered Amalthea, the first moon of this planet to be found by someone other that Galileo
Jupiter
128
E. E. Barnard cataloged 370 of these dense, cold clouds, which obscure bright objects around them
Dark Nebulae
129
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment established that this substance is replicated in a semiconservative manner
DNA
130
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment separated DNA strands into bands with different densities using this technique in a solution of cesium chloride
Centrifugation
131
At twenty-five degrees Celsius, this equation is often simplified by using a constant equal to approximately 0.059
Nernst Equation
132
This equation gives the reduction potential of a half cell relative to its standard reduction potential
Nernst Equation
133
This constant, symbolized *F*, which equals the charge of a mole of electrons, roughly 100,000 coulombs
Faraday's Constant
134
The research institute named after this man was the first to isolate HIV
Louis Pasteur
135
This man used long-necked flasks to debunk the theory of spontaneous generation and discovered that heating a liquid could prevent spoiling
Louis Pasteur
136
Joseph Henry discovered this law independently of its namesake
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
137
This law's namesake found that moving a loop of wire or a magnet produced identical effects
Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction
138
Alcohol in wine can be turned into this compound by the aerobic bacteria of genus Acetobacter
Acetic Acid
139
A sour taste results from a conversion of ethanol to this weak acid in wines
Acetic Acid
140
Prior to the formation of the Panama isthmus, this class of organisms was abundant in South America
Marsupials
141
The sugar glider is a species of this class of animals that appear similar to flying squirrels
Marsupials
142
Ancient Romans believed that this gemstone was a protection against drunkeness
Amethyst
143
This is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth's crust and defines a seven on the Mohs scale
Quartz
144
Quartz has this chemical formula
SiO2
145
In relativity, each event has four coordinates specifying its place in this four-dimensional manifold
Spacetime or Minkowski space
146
All mass and energy have this geometric effect on spacetime
Curve
147
In cosmological models, this phenomenon is responsible for nearly 70% of the universe's density
Dark Energy
148
Cosmic acceleration was first inferred from observations of these events
Type 1A supernovae
149
Cosmic expansion velocity is proportional to distance, according to a law discovered by this American astronomer
Edwin Hubble
150
This class of enzymes have tyrosine and cyclin dependent types
Kinases
151
The receptor for this hormone is a tyrosine kinase receptor, it also opposes the action of glucagon and decreases blood glucose levels
Insulin
152
During the first step of this process, hexokinase attaches a phosphate group to glucose, creating G6P. Its last step is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
Glycologsis
153
This compounds chemical formula is CHCl3
Chloroform
154
Chloroform molecules with this property are commonly used as solvents in NMR
Deuterated
155
Combinations of these devices reduce chromatic aberration
Lenses
156
This man's namesake palimpsest contains a method for calculating the areas of parabolic segments using infinitesimal quantities
Archimedes
157
This man's The Sand Reckoner estimates the number of sand grains the Universe could hold
Archimedes
158
The law of the lever was discovered by this man
Archimedes
159
The flash point is the minimum temperature at which this process can occur spontaneously in air
Combustion
160
CHN analyzers use this process to determine the elemental composition of an unknown sample
Combustion
161
When this process produces carbon monoxide (CO), it is called incomplete
Combustion
162
Budd-Chiari syndrome gives this organ a "nutmeg" appearance
Liver
163
Glucuronic acid is conjugated to bilirubin in this organ
Liver
164
Pathways that result from the breakdown of red blood cells in this organ, and malfunctions in that pathway can result in jaundice
Liver
165
The Biot-Savart law can be used to compute the strength of this kind of field around a current-carrying wire
Magnetic field
166
The direction of a magnetic field can be found using a "rule" named for this body part
Right hand
167
This type of intermolecular forces are named for a German chemist, and are a subtype of van der Waals forces
London dispersion forces
168
This quantity is high in noble gases due to the octet rule
Ionization Energy
169
This disease results in the loss of phenylalanine in a certain protein
Cystic Fibrosis
170
The van der Waals equation of state corrects this law
Ideal Gas Law
171
One derivation of this law assumes that the average kinetic energy of a particle = 3/2 * T * Boltzmann’s Constant
Ideal Gas Law
172
In this sun, this process becomes dominant above the tachocline
Convection
173
This process occurs throughout a red dwarf, extending the star's lifetime by making all of the red dwarf's hydrogen available for core fusion
Convection
174
Adding a zenith angle to this system gives spherical coordinates
Polar Coordinate System
175
In this disease, a comma-shaped bacterium produces a toxin that makes the intestinal lining secrete too many ions and water molecules, causing watery diarrhea
Cholera
176
The A subunit of cholera toxin activates a signaling protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the production of this second messenger
cAMP
177
Cholera ultimately opens a channel for this anion found alongside sodium in table salt
Chloride
178
The constant of proportionality in Coulomb's law, denoted k, equals 1 over 4 pi times this fundamental concept
Permittivity of free space
179
Coulomb derived his law using this type of "balance", in which a bar hangs on a very thin string that is twisted by a force.
Torsion balance
180
Who discovered Hydrogen
Henry Cavendish
181
This lightweight element is found in the mineral rutile
Titanium
182
In this process, rutile reacts with chlorine gas to form titanium tetrachloride, which reacts with magnesium to give pure titanium
Kroll Process
183
Purified titanium dioxide is what color
White
184
These systems typically form in conditions of low vertical shear, disturbance by an easterly wave or other perturbations
Cyclones/Hurricanes
185
Some of these molecules are irreversibly hardened through the process of thermosetting
Polymers
186
The molecular weight distribution of these molecules is characterized by the polydispersity index
Polymers
187
The existence of these particles was confirmed in 1995 using the CDF and D0 detectors of the Tevatron at Fermilab
Quarks
188
A bound state of one of these particles and one of their antiparticles is called a meson
Quarks
189
A disorder for making these objects "gray" is due a lack of their alpha granules, which contain von Willebrand factor
Platelets
190
This type of object's surface contains glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, which binds to fibrinogen
Platelets
191
This constellation's alpha star Alpheratz is one corner of the Great Square of Pegasus
Andromeda Galaxy
192
This constellation contains one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye
Andromeda Galaxy
193
Scientists theorized that this feature was needed to stabilize the planet's axial tilt
Moon(s)
194
This NASA mission named for a German astronomer had identified 3,607 exoplanets, and just one percent of those planets are in their star's habitable zone
Johannes Kepler
195
Maxwell's demon violates this law
Second Law of Thermodynamics
196
This type of formula can be the same for very different chemicals
Empirical formula
197
The first good measurement of this quantity was from a study of the eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io carried out by Ole Romer
Speed of light
198
This quantity was found to be identical in perpendicular directions in the Michelson-Morley experiment, helping disprove the theory luminiferous ether
Speed of light
199
A white tissue called velamen often coats these structures in epiphytes
Roots
200
The propagation method known as "layering" involves encouraging these structures to develop on aerial shoots
Roots
