NScience | 1 - 200 Flashcards
The Fresnel Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon
Diffraction
Babinet’s Principle states that a certain type of pattern from this phenomenon is identical to the hole it begins at
Diffraction
The Fraunhofer Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon
Diffraction
Name for the bending of light as it goes through a gap
Diffraction
The Sellmeier Equation is a relationship between this and the wavelength for a set transparent medium
Index of Refraction
QEO (Quadratic electro-optic) Effect
The Kerr Effect is the change of this phenomenon in response to an electric field
Index of Refraction
The arctangent of the ratio of two values of this quantity gives Brewster’s Angle
Index of Refraction
This dimensionless optical quantity is proportional to the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence according to Snell’s Law
Index of Refraction
Dimensionless optical quantity represented by “n”
Index of Refraction
The Fenske Equation is used to calculate the number of theoretical plates required for this process
Distillation
Perkin Triangles are used as a special apparatus for this process
Distillation
Raschig Rings are used to form a packing configuration to increase the efficiency of this process
Distillation
Components of this process are classified as “heavy key” or “light key” based on volatility
Distillation
Azeotropes cannot be separated via this process
Distillation
A fractional type of this process separates components of mixtures
Distillation
This process is governed by Raoult’s Law
Distillation
On graphs that plot pH versus volume during this process, an inflection point indicates the actual equivalence point
Titration
A variant of this chemistry technique is named after Karl Fischer
Titration
Burettes are commonly used in this chemistry technique
Titration
Jean Perrin used this phenomenon to calculate Avogadro’s Number
Brownian Motion
This phenomenon seems to allow a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, the Feynman Ratchet, to produce workable energy from random motion
Brownian Motion
Concept named for a Scottish Botanist based off of the motion of pollen particles
Brownian Motion
Law that states an equilibrium will shift to accommodate any changes, named for a French chemist
Le Chatelier’s Principle
The Ives-Stilwell and Rossi-Hall Experiments both deal with this concept
Time Dilation
The Hafele-Keating Experiment tested this phenomenon by flying several planes around the world
Time Dilation
First observed with its impact on the Doppler Effect
Time Dilation
These entities are described by a modified form of the Sakuma-Hattori Equation
Black Bodies
These entities can be assumed to have infinite energy, which leads to ultraviolet catastrophe
Black Bodies
These entities absorb all incident radiation
Black Bodies
The Clausius theorem gives that an integral of a change in this quantity expressed as “negative delta Q over T”
Entropy
Denoted “S”
Entropy
Quantity calculated by multiplying Boltzmann’s constant by the natural logarithm of the number of microstates
Entropy
A law of this quantity implies that Carnot engines cannot be perfectly efficient and establishes an arrow of time
Entropy
This quantity is zero for only a perfect crystal at zero kelvin
Entropy
The Van’t Hoff Equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature given the standard change of this quantity
Enthalpy
This quantity minus the product of temperature and change is entropy
Enthalpy
Internal energy plus pressure times volume (U+P*V)
Enthalpy
Symbolized “H”
Enthalpy
The motion of a body with three distinct values for this quantity is described by the Tennis Racket Theorem
Moment of Inertia
This quantity is unchanged when an object is deformed along an axis in the Stretch Rule
Moment of Inertia
The Parallel Axis Theorem can be used to find this quantity, which is equal to torque over angular acceleration
Moment of Inertia
This quantity is the rotational analog of mass, denoted “I”
Moment of Inertia
This quantity is an objects resistance to a change in rotation
Moment of Inertia
This quantity is measured by Wilhelmy Plates
Surface Tension
This quantity is reduced by the use of surfactants
Surface Tension
This quantity allows for insects to walk on water and for water droplets to maintain their shape
Surface Tension
Evans-Polanyi Principle
Activation Energy
Quantity represented as a “hump” in a reaction diagram
Activation Energy
Symbolized E-sub-a
Activation Energy
Minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur
Activation Energy
Lars Onsager analytically solved a model describing this phenomenon in 2D
Ferromagnetism
Ernst Ising created the Ising Model for this quantity
Ferromagnetism
Materials with this property exhibit a Hysteresis loop
Ferromagnetism
These molecules are reacted with triphenylphosphine to form ethers
Alcohols
One of these groups reacts with a carboxylic acid in the Fischer Esterification
Alcohols
The Claisen rearrangement involves heating one of these compounds to give an unsaturated carbonyl
Ethers
These functional groups are the products of reactions named after Ullmann and Williamson
Ethers
Cyclic examples of these compounds include epoxides as well as their “crown” variant
Ethers
Who discovered Oxygen
Joseph Priestly
Element first isolated from urine by Hennig Brand in 1669
Phosphorous
Material in the tips of matchsticks
Phosphorous
This element is bonded to three phenyl groups in the key reagent used in the Wittig reaction
Phosphorous
This telescope was launched on Christmas Day 2021 by NASA to serve as a replacement for the Hubble Space Telescope
James Webb Telescope
Negative resistance occurs when electrons tunnel through a P-N junction in these devices named for Esaki
Diodes
Circuit component that only allows electrical flow in one direction
Diodes
Four of these devices form a “bridge” which helps convert AC to DC in full-wave rectifiers
Diodes
This man wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Isaac Newton
This man’s namesake rings occur when light reflects between a spherical and a flat mirror
Isaac Newton
Robert Hooke accused this man of plagiarizing his own work on inverse square laws
Isaac Newton
When a radioactive particle enters this device, it converts a helium ion to a positive ion
Geiger - Muller Counter
One explanation for this process is the Geiger-Nuttall Law, which was later refuted by George Gamow
Alpha Decay
Process that decreases the mass number by four, atomic number by two, and releases a helium nucleus
Alpha Decay
What type of process occurs when a neutron turns into a proton, subsequently releasing an electron during the process
Beta decay
The Fermi-Kurie plot models this process
Beta decay
This technique uses optical and electron devices to magnify small things
Microscopy
This biological process is the “dark reactions” of photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle
This person and Augustus Matthiessen isolated lithium from lithium chloride
Robert Bunsen
Gustav Kirchhoff and this man analyzed emission spectra to discover cesium
Robert Bunsen
These organisms excrete waste via an osculum and contain hardy buds called gemmules
Porifera
These organisms interiors are lined with choanocates
Porifera
Translocation of proteins into this organelle is regulated by the TIM/TOM complex
Mitochondrion
The folds of this organelle’s inner membrane are known as cristae
Mitochondrion
Chalcophiles are metas with a preference for bonding to this element
Sulfur
This scientist is the namesake of an irreversible process in which a gas expands to fill a container
James Joule
Large objects of this type are capable of burning lithium, but not hydrogen
Brown dwarfs
“Gauche”, “eclipsed”, and “staggered” are terms used to describe one form of the spatial subtype of this phenomenon, known as conformers
Isomers
In 1967 the British chemist Ian Fleming deduced the full structure of this compound, which usually has a 20-carbon phytol chain
Chlorophyll
A temperature of 1K wad measured in the “Boomerang” entity of this type
Nebula
When low-mass stars become white dwarfs, the planetary type of these structures form
Nebula
This man was the first to liquify chlorine and synthesize tetrachloroethylene
Michael Faraday
SI unit of Capacitance
Farad
These proteins bind tightly to antigens
Antibodies
These molecules are created from cloned B Cells
Antibodies
These proteins are Y-shaped and made of two heavy and two light chains
Antibodies
The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes coexistence curves in these structures
Phase Diagrams
These graphs usually plot pressure against temperature, and show when a substance will be a solid/liquid/gas
Phase Diagrams
In Selenomonas, these structures arrange themselves in a fascicle
Flagellum
These structures contain a FliG switch that allows them to change direction
Flagellum
These structures are anchored by the basal body
Flagellum
Robert Millikan studied the motion of oil droplets in an experiment demonstrating this quantity
Electric Charge
SI Unit for Charge
Coulombs
This quantity is raised to the fourth power in the Rydberg formula
Charge
These machines were created to calculate force and tension of objects under constant acceleration, two masses connected by a tight string draped over a pulley
Atwood Machines
Type of rock coming out of ground
Extrusive rock
Most severe thunderstorm
Supercell
Phylum of sponges
Porifera
This region is where the cell’s spindle fibers attach (where chromosome pieces are connected [X])
Centromere
This organelle serves as the main microtubule-organizing center of animal cells
Centrosome
This scientist used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism
Thomas Hunt Morgan
This man names the unit of genetic linkage and worked in the “Fly Room”
Thomas Hunt Morgan
Prior to Guglielmo Marconi this man made the farthest radio transmission
Ernest Rutherford
This scientist names his “Gold-Foil” Experiment and discovered the atomic nucleous
Ernest Rutherford
This scientist created the plum pudding model for the atom
J. J. Thomson
This man has a namesake elastic scattering of light by a charged particle
J. J. Thomson
For all integers n greater than 2, x to the n plus y to the n cannot equal z to the n
Fermat’s Last Theorem
This thing is characterized by the Draper point, set at 798 kelvins
Black Body
The Sparkle model describes complexes involving these elements
Lanthanides
This group on the periodic table includes most rare earth metals
Lanthanides
This elements sulfate is used to prevent seizures in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia
Magnesium
Epsom salts contain this metal, which comes in turings or ribbons
Magnesium
This metal corrodes on exposure to Mercury
Aluminum
Efficient production of this element uses magnetohydrodynamics to stir vats of ore mixed with calcium fluoride
Aluminum
The Bayer process processes Bauxite to create this metal
Aluminum
The dot product of force and this quantity equals power
Velocity
Equating the gravitational potential and kinetic energies allows one to calculate its “escape” value
Velocity
Red dwarf star named for an American astronomer and has the largest known proper motion
Barnard’s Star
E. E. Barnard discovered Amalthea, the first moon of this planet to be found by someone other that Galileo
Jupiter
E. E. Barnard cataloged 370 of these dense, cold clouds, which obscure bright objects around them
Dark Nebulae
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment established that this substance is replicated in a semiconservative manner
DNA
The Meselson-Stahl Experiment separated DNA strands into bands with different densities using this technique in a solution of cesium chloride
Centrifugation
At twenty-five degrees Celsius, this equation is often simplified by using a constant equal to approximately 0.059
Nernst Equation
This equation gives the reduction potential of a half cell relative to its standard reduction potential
Nernst Equation
This constant, symbolized F, which equals the charge of a mole of electrons, roughly 100,000 coulombs
Faraday’s Constant
The research institute named after this man was the first to isolate HIV
Louis Pasteur
This man used long-necked flasks to debunk the theory of spontaneous generation and discovered that heating a liquid could prevent spoiling
Louis Pasteur
Joseph Henry discovered this law independently of its namesake
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
This law’s namesake found that moving a loop of wire or a magnet produced identical effects
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction
Alcohol in wine can be turned into this compound by the aerobic bacteria of genus Acetobacter
Acetic Acid
A sour taste results from a conversion of ethanol to this weak acid in wines
Acetic Acid
Prior to the formation of the Panama isthmus, this class of organisms was abundant in South America
Marsupials
The sugar glider is a species of this class of animals that appear similar to flying squirrels
Marsupials
Ancient Romans believed that this gemstone was a protection against drunkeness
Amethyst
This is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust and defines a seven on the Mohs scale
Quartz
Quartz has this chemical formula
SiO2
In relativity, each event has four coordinates specifying its place in this four-dimensional manifold
Spacetime or Minkowski space
All mass and energy have this geometric effect on spacetime
Curve
In cosmological models, this phenomenon is responsible for nearly 70% of the universe’s density
Dark Energy
Cosmic acceleration was first inferred from observations of these events
Type 1A supernovae
Cosmic expansion velocity is proportional to distance, according to a law discovered by this American astronomer
Edwin Hubble
This class of enzymes have tyrosine and cyclin dependent types
Kinases
The receptor for this hormone is a tyrosine kinase receptor, it also opposes the action of glucagon and decreases blood glucose levels
Insulin
During the first step of this process, hexokinase attaches a phosphate group to glucose, creating G6P. Its last step is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase
Glycologsis
This compounds chemical formula is CHCl3
Chloroform
Chloroform molecules with this property are commonly used as solvents in NMR
Deuterated
Combinations of these devices reduce chromatic aberration
Lenses
This man’s namesake palimpsest contains a method for calculating the areas of parabolic segments using infinitesimal quantities
Archimedes
This man’s The Sand Reckoner estimates the number of sand grains the Universe could hold
Archimedes
The law of the lever was discovered by this man
Archimedes
The flash point is the minimum temperature at which this process can occur spontaneously in air
Combustion
CHN analyzers use this process to determine the elemental composition of an unknown sample
Combustion
When this process produces carbon monoxide (CO), it is called incomplete
Combustion
Budd-Chiari syndrome gives this organ a “nutmeg” appearance
Liver
Glucuronic acid is conjugated to bilirubin in this organ
Liver
Pathways that result from the breakdown of red blood cells in this organ, and malfunctions in that pathway can result in jaundice
Liver
The Biot-Savart law can be used to compute the strength of this kind of field around a current-carrying wire
Magnetic field
The direction of a magnetic field can be found using a “rule” named for this body part
Right hand
This type of intermolecular forces are named for a German chemist, and are a subtype of van der Waals forces
London dispersion forces
This quantity is high in noble gases due to the octet rule
Ionization Energy
This disease results in the loss of phenylalanine in a certain protein
Cystic Fibrosis
The van der Waals equation of state corrects this law
Ideal Gas Law
One derivation of this law assumes that the average kinetic energy of a particle = 3/2 * T * Boltzmann’s Constant
Ideal Gas Law
In this sun, this process becomes dominant above the tachocline
Convection
This process occurs throughout a red dwarf, extending the star’s lifetime by making all of the red dwarf’s hydrogen available for core fusion
Convection
Adding a zenith angle to this system gives spherical coordinates
Polar Coordinate System
In this disease, a comma-shaped bacterium produces a toxin that makes the intestinal lining secrete too many ions and water molecules, causing watery diarrhea
Cholera
The A subunit of cholera toxin activates a signaling protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the production of this second messenger
cAMP
Cholera ultimately opens a channel for this anion found alongside sodium in table salt
Chloride
The constant of proportionality in Coulomb’s law, denoted k, equals 1 over 4 pi times this fundamental concept
Permittivity of free space
Coulomb derived his law using this type of “balance”, in which a bar hangs on a very thin string that is twisted by a force.
Torsion balance
Who discovered Hydrogen
Henry Cavendish
This lightweight element is found in the mineral rutile
Titanium
In this process, rutile reacts with chlorine gas to form titanium tetrachloride, which reacts with magnesium to give pure titanium
Kroll Process
Purified titanium dioxide is what color
White
These systems typically form in conditions of low vertical shear, disturbance by an easterly wave or other perturbations
Cyclones/Hurricanes
Some of these molecules are irreversibly hardened through the process of thermosetting
Polymers
The molecular weight distribution of these molecules is characterized by the polydispersity index
Polymers
The existence of these particles was confirmed in 1995 using the CDF and D0 detectors of the Tevatron at Fermilab
Quarks
A bound state of one of these particles and one of their antiparticles is called a meson
Quarks
A disorder for making these objects “gray” is due a lack of their alpha granules, which contain von Willebrand factor
Platelets
This type of object’s surface contains glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, which binds to fibrinogen
Platelets
This constellation’s alpha star Alpheratz is one corner of the Great Square of Pegasus
Andromeda Galaxy
This constellation contains one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye
Andromeda Galaxy
Scientists theorized that this feature was needed to stabilize the planet’s axial tilt
Moon(s)
This NASA mission named for a German astronomer had identified 3,607 exoplanets, and just one percent of those planets are in their star’s habitable zone
Johannes Kepler
Maxwell’s demon violates this law
Second Law of Thermodynamics
This type of formula can be the same for very different chemicals
Empirical formula
The first good measurement of this quantity was from a study of the eclipses of Jupiter’s moon Io carried out by Ole Romer
Speed of light
This quantity was found to be identical in perpendicular directions in the Michelson-Morley experiment, helping disprove the theory luminiferous ether
Speed of light
A white tissue called velamen often coats these structures in epiphytes
Roots
The propagation method known as “layering” involves encouraging these structures to develop on aerial shoots
Roots
