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NScience | 1 - 200 Flashcards

1
Q

The Fresnel Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon

A

Diffraction

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2
Q

Babinet’s Principle states that a certain type of pattern from this phenomenon is identical to the hole it begins at

A

Diffraction

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3
Q

The Fraunhofer Equation is used to find a near-field type of this phenomenon

A

Diffraction

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4
Q

Name for the bending of light as it goes through a gap

A

Diffraction

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5
Q

The Sellmeier Equation is a relationship between this and the wavelength for a set transparent medium

A

Index of Refraction

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6
Q

QEO (Quadratic electro-optic) Effect

The Kerr Effect is the change of this phenomenon in response to an electric field

A

Index of Refraction

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7
Q

The arctangent of the ratio of two values of this quantity gives Brewster’s Angle

A

Index of Refraction

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8
Q

This dimensionless optical quantity is proportional to the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence according to Snell’s Law

A

Index of Refraction

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9
Q

Dimensionless optical quantity represented by “n”

A

Index of Refraction

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10
Q

The Fenske Equation is used to calculate the number of theoretical plates required for this process

A

Distillation

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11
Q

Perkin Triangles are used as a special apparatus for this process

A

Distillation

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12
Q

Raschig Rings are used to form a packing configuration to increase the efficiency of this process

A

Distillation

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13
Q

Components of this process are classified as “heavy key” or “light key” based on volatility

A

Distillation

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14
Q

Azeotropes cannot be separated via this process

A

Distillation

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15
Q

A fractional type of this process separates components of mixtures

A

Distillation

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16
Q

This process is governed by Raoult’s Law

A

Distillation

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17
Q

On graphs that plot pH versus volume during this process, an inflection point indicates the actual equivalence point

A

Titration

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18
Q

A variant of this chemistry technique is named after Karl Fischer

A

Titration

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19
Q

Burettes are commonly used in this chemistry technique

A

Titration

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20
Q

Jean Perrin used this phenomenon to calculate Avogadro’s Number

A

Brownian Motion

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21
Q

This phenomenon seems to allow a violation of the second law of thermodynamics, the Feynman Ratchet, to produce workable energy from random motion

A

Brownian Motion

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22
Q

Concept named for a Scottish Botanist based off of the motion of pollen particles

A

Brownian Motion

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23
Q

Law that states an equilibrium will shift to accommodate any changes, named for a French chemist

A

Le Chatelier’s Principle

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24
Q

The Ives-Stilwell and Rossi-Hall Experiments both deal with this concept

A

Time Dilation

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25
Q

The Hafele-Keating Experiment tested this phenomenon by flying several planes around the world

A

Time Dilation

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26
Q

First observed with its impact on the Doppler Effect

A

Time Dilation

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27
Q

These entities are described by a modified form of the Sakuma-Hattori Equation

A

Black Bodies

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28
Q

These entities can be assumed to have infinite energy, which leads to ultraviolet catastrophe

A

Black Bodies

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29
Q

These entities absorb all incident radiation

A

Black Bodies

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30
Q

The Clausius theorem gives that an integral of a change in this quantity expressed as “negative delta Q over T”

A

Entropy

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31
Q

Denoted “S”

A

Entropy

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32
Q

Quantity calculated by multiplying Boltzmann’s constant by the natural logarithm of the number of microstates

A

Entropy

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33
Q

A law of this quantity implies that Carnot engines cannot be perfectly efficient and establishes an arrow of time

A

Entropy

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34
Q

This quantity is zero for only a perfect crystal at zero kelvin

A

Entropy

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35
Q

The Van’t Hoff Equation relates the change in the equilibrium constant of a chemical reaction to the change in temperature given the standard change of this quantity

A

Enthalpy

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36
Q

This quantity minus the product of temperature and change is entropy

A

Enthalpy

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37
Q

Internal energy plus pressure times volume (U+P*V)

A

Enthalpy

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38
Q

Symbolized “H”

A

Enthalpy

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39
Q

The motion of a body with three distinct values for this quantity is described by the Tennis Racket Theorem

A

Moment of Inertia

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40
Q

This quantity is unchanged when an object is deformed along an axis in the Stretch Rule

A

Moment of Inertia

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41
Q

The Parallel Axis Theorem can be used to find this quantity, which is equal to torque over angular acceleration

A

Moment of Inertia

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42
Q

This quantity is the rotational analog of mass, denoted “I”

A

Moment of Inertia

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43
Q

This quantity is an objects resistance to a change in rotation

A

Moment of Inertia

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44
Q

This quantity is measured by Wilhelmy Plates

A

Surface Tension

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45
Q

This quantity is reduced by the use of surfactants

A

Surface Tension

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46
Q

This quantity allows for insects to walk on water and for water droplets to maintain their shape

A

Surface Tension

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47
Q

Evans-Polanyi Principle

A

Activation Energy

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48
Q

Quantity represented as a “hump” in a reaction diagram

A

Activation Energy

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49
Q

Symbolized E-sub-a

A

Activation Energy

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50
Q

Minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur

A

Activation Energy

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51
Q

Lars Onsager analytically solved a model describing this phenomenon in 2D

A

Ferromagnetism

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52
Q

Ernst Ising created the Ising Model for this quantity

A

Ferromagnetism

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53
Q

Materials with this property exhibit a Hysteresis loop

A

Ferromagnetism

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54
Q

These molecules are reacted with triphenylphosphine to form ethers

A

Alcohols

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55
Q

One of these groups reacts with a carboxylic acid in the Fischer Esterification

A

Alcohols

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56
Q

The Claisen rearrangement involves heating one of these compounds to give an unsaturated carbonyl

A

Ethers

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57
Q

These functional groups are the products of reactions named after Ullmann and Williamson

A

Ethers

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58
Q

Cyclic examples of these compounds include epoxides as well as their “crown” variant

A

Ethers

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59
Q

Who discovered Oxygen

A

Joseph Priestly

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60
Q

Element first isolated from urine by Hennig Brand in 1669

A

Phosphorous

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61
Q

Material in the tips of matchsticks

A

Phosphorous

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62
Q

This element is bonded to three phenyl groups in the key reagent used in the Wittig reaction

A

Phosphorous

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63
Q

This telescope was launched on Christmas Day 2021 by NASA to serve as a replacement for the Hubble Space Telescope

A

James Webb Telescope

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64
Q

Negative resistance occurs when electrons tunnel through a P-N junction in these devices named for Esaki

A

Diodes

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65
Q

Circuit component that only allows electrical flow in one direction

A

Diodes

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66
Q

Four of these devices form a “bridge” which helps convert AC to DC in full-wave rectifiers

A

Diodes

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67
Q

This man wrote Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica

A

Isaac Newton

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68
Q

This man’s namesake rings occur when light reflects between a spherical and a flat mirror

A

Isaac Newton

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69
Q

Robert Hooke accused this man of plagiarizing his own work on inverse square laws

A

Isaac Newton

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70
Q

When a radioactive particle enters this device, it converts a helium ion to a positive ion

A

Geiger - Muller Counter

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71
Q

One explanation for this process is the Geiger-Nuttall Law, which was later refuted by George Gamow

A

Alpha Decay

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72
Q

Process that decreases the mass number by four, atomic number by two, and releases a helium nucleus

A

Alpha Decay

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73
Q

What type of process occurs when a neutron turns into a proton, subsequently releasing an electron during the process

A

Beta decay

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74
Q

The Fermi-Kurie plot models this process

A

Beta decay

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75
Q

This technique uses optical and electron devices to magnify small things

A

Microscopy

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76
Q

This biological process is the “dark reactions” of photosynthesis

A

Calvin Cycle

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77
Q

This person and Augustus Matthiessen isolated lithium from lithium chloride

A

Robert Bunsen

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78
Q

Gustav Kirchhoff and this man analyzed emission spectra to discover cesium

A

Robert Bunsen

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79
Q

These organisms excrete waste via an osculum and contain hardy buds called gemmules

A

Porifera

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80
Q

These organisms interiors are lined with choanocates

A

Porifera

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81
Q

Translocation of proteins into this organelle is regulated by the TIM/TOM complex

A

Mitochondrion

82
Q

The folds of this organelle’s inner membrane are known as cristae

A

Mitochondrion

83
Q

Chalcophiles are metas with a preference for bonding to this element

A

Sulfur

84
Q

This scientist is the namesake of an irreversible process in which a gas expands to fill a container

A

James Joule

85
Q

Large objects of this type are capable of burning lithium, but not hydrogen

A

Brown dwarfs

86
Q

“Gauche”, “eclipsed”, and “staggered” are terms used to describe one form of the spatial subtype of this phenomenon, known as conformers

A

Isomers

87
Q

In 1967 the British chemist Ian Fleming deduced the full structure of this compound, which usually has a 20-carbon phytol chain

A

Chlorophyll

88
Q

A temperature of 1K wad measured in the “Boomerang” entity of this type

A

Nebula

89
Q

When low-mass stars become white dwarfs, the planetary type of these structures form

A

Nebula

90
Q

This man was the first to liquify chlorine and synthesize tetrachloroethylene

A

Michael Faraday

91
Q

SI unit of Capacitance

A

Farad

92
Q

These proteins bind tightly to antigens

A

Antibodies

93
Q

These molecules are created from cloned B Cells

A

Antibodies

94
Q

These proteins are Y-shaped and made of two heavy and two light chains

A

Antibodies

95
Q

The Clausius-Clapeyron equation describes coexistence curves in these structures

A

Phase Diagrams

96
Q

These graphs usually plot pressure against temperature, and show when a substance will be a solid/liquid/gas

A

Phase Diagrams

97
Q

In Selenomonas, these structures arrange themselves in a fascicle

A

Flagellum

98
Q

These structures contain a FliG switch that allows them to change direction

A

Flagellum

99
Q

These structures are anchored by the basal body

A

Flagellum

100
Q

Robert Millikan studied the motion of oil droplets in an experiment demonstrating this quantity

A

Electric Charge

101
Q

SI Unit for Charge

A

Coulombs

102
Q

This quantity is raised to the fourth power in the Rydberg formula

A

Charge

103
Q

These machines were created to calculate force and tension of objects under constant acceleration, two masses connected by a tight string draped over a pulley

A

Atwood Machines

104
Q

Type of rock coming out of ground

A

Extrusive rock

105
Q

Most severe thunderstorm

A

Supercell

106
Q

Phylum of sponges

A

Porifera

107
Q

This region is where the cell’s spindle fibers attach (where chromosome pieces are connected [X])

A

Centromere

108
Q

This organelle serves as the main microtubule-organizing center of animal cells

A

Centrosome

109
Q

This scientist used Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

110
Q

This man names the unit of genetic linkage and worked in the “Fly Room”

A

Thomas Hunt Morgan

111
Q

Prior to Guglielmo Marconi this man made the farthest radio transmission

A

Ernest Rutherford

112
Q

This scientist names his “Gold-Foil” Experiment and discovered the atomic nucleous

A

Ernest Rutherford

113
Q

This scientist created the plum pudding model for the atom

A

J. J. Thomson

114
Q

This man has a namesake elastic scattering of light by a charged particle

A

J. J. Thomson

115
Q

For all integers n greater than 2, x to the n plus y to the n cannot equal z to the n

A

Fermat’s Last Theorem

116
Q

This thing is characterized by the Draper point, set at 798 kelvins

A

Black Body

117
Q

The Sparkle model describes complexes involving these elements

A

Lanthanides

118
Q

This group on the periodic table includes most rare earth metals

A

Lanthanides

119
Q

This elements sulfate is used to prevent seizures in pregnant women with pre-eclampsia

A

Magnesium

120
Q

Epsom salts contain this metal, which comes in turings or ribbons

A

Magnesium

121
Q

This metal corrodes on exposure to Mercury

A

Aluminum

122
Q

Efficient production of this element uses magnetohydrodynamics to stir vats of ore mixed with calcium fluoride

A

Aluminum

123
Q

The Bayer process processes Bauxite to create this metal

A

Aluminum

124
Q

The dot product of force and this quantity equals power

A

Velocity

125
Q

Equating the gravitational potential and kinetic energies allows one to calculate its “escape” value

A

Velocity

126
Q

Red dwarf star named for an American astronomer and has the largest known proper motion

A

Barnard’s Star

127
Q

E. E. Barnard discovered Amalthea, the first moon of this planet to be found by someone other that Galileo

A

Jupiter

128
Q

E. E. Barnard cataloged 370 of these dense, cold clouds, which obscure bright objects around them

A

Dark Nebulae

129
Q

The Meselson-Stahl Experiment established that this substance is replicated in a semiconservative manner

A

DNA

130
Q

The Meselson-Stahl Experiment separated DNA strands into bands with different densities using this technique in a solution of cesium chloride

A

Centrifugation

131
Q

At twenty-five degrees Celsius, this equation is often simplified by using a constant equal to approximately 0.059

A

Nernst Equation

132
Q

This equation gives the reduction potential of a half cell relative to its standard reduction potential

A

Nernst Equation

133
Q

This constant, symbolized F, which equals the charge of a mole of electrons, roughly 100,000 coulombs

A

Faraday’s Constant

134
Q

The research institute named after this man was the first to isolate HIV

A

Louis Pasteur

135
Q

This man used long-necked flasks to debunk the theory of spontaneous generation and discovered that heating a liquid could prevent spoiling

A

Louis Pasteur

136
Q

Joseph Henry discovered this law independently of its namesake

A

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

137
Q

This law’s namesake found that moving a loop of wire or a magnet produced identical effects

A

Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction

138
Q

Alcohol in wine can be turned into this compound by the aerobic bacteria of genus Acetobacter

A

Acetic Acid

139
Q

A sour taste results from a conversion of ethanol to this weak acid in wines

A

Acetic Acid

140
Q

Prior to the formation of the Panama isthmus, this class of organisms was abundant in South America

A

Marsupials

141
Q

The sugar glider is a species of this class of animals that appear similar to flying squirrels

A

Marsupials

142
Q

Ancient Romans believed that this gemstone was a protection against drunkeness

A

Amethyst

143
Q

This is the second most abundant mineral in the Earth’s crust and defines a seven on the Mohs scale

A

Quartz

144
Q

Quartz has this chemical formula

A

SiO2

145
Q

In relativity, each event has four coordinates specifying its place in this four-dimensional manifold

A

Spacetime or Minkowski space

146
Q

All mass and energy have this geometric effect on spacetime

A

Curve

147
Q

In cosmological models, this phenomenon is responsible for nearly 70% of the universe’s density

A

Dark Energy

148
Q

Cosmic acceleration was first inferred from observations of these events

A

Type 1A supernovae

149
Q

Cosmic expansion velocity is proportional to distance, according to a law discovered by this American astronomer

A

Edwin Hubble

150
Q

This class of enzymes have tyrosine and cyclin dependent types

A

Kinases

151
Q

The receptor for this hormone is a tyrosine kinase receptor, it also opposes the action of glucagon and decreases blood glucose levels

A

Insulin

152
Q

During the first step of this process, hexokinase attaches a phosphate group to glucose, creating G6P. Its last step is catalyzed by pyruvate kinase

A

Glycologsis

153
Q

This compounds chemical formula is CHCl3

A

Chloroform

154
Q

Chloroform molecules with this property are commonly used as solvents in NMR

A

Deuterated

155
Q

Combinations of these devices reduce chromatic aberration

A

Lenses

156
Q

This man’s namesake palimpsest contains a method for calculating the areas of parabolic segments using infinitesimal quantities

A

Archimedes

157
Q

This man’s The Sand Reckoner estimates the number of sand grains the Universe could hold

A

Archimedes

158
Q

The law of the lever was discovered by this man

A

Archimedes

159
Q

The flash point is the minimum temperature at which this process can occur spontaneously in air

A

Combustion

160
Q

CHN analyzers use this process to determine the elemental composition of an unknown sample

A

Combustion

161
Q

When this process produces carbon monoxide (CO), it is called incomplete

A

Combustion

162
Q

Budd-Chiari syndrome gives this organ a “nutmeg” appearance

A

Liver

163
Q

Glucuronic acid is conjugated to bilirubin in this organ

A

Liver

164
Q

Pathways that result from the breakdown of red blood cells in this organ, and malfunctions in that pathway can result in jaundice

A

Liver

165
Q

The Biot-Savart law can be used to compute the strength of this kind of field around a current-carrying wire

A

Magnetic field

166
Q

The direction of a magnetic field can be found using a “rule” named for this body part

A

Right hand

167
Q

This type of intermolecular forces are named for a German chemist, and are a subtype of van der Waals forces

A

London dispersion forces

168
Q

This quantity is high in noble gases due to the octet rule

A

Ionization Energy

169
Q

This disease results in the loss of phenylalanine in a certain protein

A

Cystic Fibrosis

170
Q

The van der Waals equation of state corrects this law

A

Ideal Gas Law

171
Q

One derivation of this law assumes that the average kinetic energy of a particle = 3/2 * T * Boltzmann’s Constant

A

Ideal Gas Law

172
Q

In this sun, this process becomes dominant above the tachocline

A

Convection

173
Q

This process occurs throughout a red dwarf, extending the star’s lifetime by making all of the red dwarf’s hydrogen available for core fusion

A

Convection

174
Q

Adding a zenith angle to this system gives spherical coordinates

A

Polar Coordinate System

175
Q

In this disease, a comma-shaped bacterium produces a toxin that makes the intestinal lining secrete too many ions and water molecules, causing watery diarrhea

A

Cholera

176
Q

The A subunit of cholera toxin activates a signaling protein that stimulates adenylate cyclase, which catalyzes the production of this second messenger

A

cAMP

177
Q

Cholera ultimately opens a channel for this anion found alongside sodium in table salt

A

Chloride

178
Q

The constant of proportionality in Coulomb’s law, denoted k, equals 1 over 4 pi times this fundamental concept

A

Permittivity of free space

179
Q

Coulomb derived his law using this type of “balance”, in which a bar hangs on a very thin string that is twisted by a force.

A

Torsion balance

180
Q

Who discovered Hydrogen

A

Henry Cavendish

181
Q

This lightweight element is found in the mineral rutile

A

Titanium

182
Q

In this process, rutile reacts with chlorine gas to form titanium tetrachloride, which reacts with magnesium to give pure titanium

A

Kroll Process

183
Q

Purified titanium dioxide is what color

A

White

184
Q

These systems typically form in conditions of low vertical shear, disturbance by an easterly wave or other perturbations

A

Cyclones/Hurricanes

185
Q

Some of these molecules are irreversibly hardened through the process of thermosetting

A

Polymers

186
Q

The molecular weight distribution of these molecules is characterized by the polydispersity index

A

Polymers

187
Q

The existence of these particles was confirmed in 1995 using the CDF and D0 detectors of the Tevatron at Fermilab

A

Quarks

188
Q

A bound state of one of these particles and one of their antiparticles is called a meson

A

Quarks

189
Q

A disorder for making these objects “gray” is due a lack of their alpha granules, which contain von Willebrand factor

A

Platelets

190
Q

This type of object’s surface contains glycoprotein IIb/IIIa, which binds to fibrinogen

A

Platelets

191
Q

This constellation’s alpha star Alpheratz is one corner of the Great Square of Pegasus

A

Andromeda Galaxy

192
Q

This constellation contains one of the farthest objects visible to the naked eye

A

Andromeda Galaxy

193
Q

Scientists theorized that this feature was needed to stabilize the planet’s axial tilt

A

Moon(s)

194
Q

This NASA mission named for a German astronomer had identified 3,607 exoplanets, and just one percent of those planets are in their star’s habitable zone

A

Johannes Kepler

195
Q

Maxwell’s demon violates this law

A

Second Law of Thermodynamics

196
Q

This type of formula can be the same for very different chemicals

A

Empirical formula

197
Q

The first good measurement of this quantity was from a study of the eclipses of Jupiter’s moon Io carried out by Ole Romer

A

Speed of light

198
Q

This quantity was found to be identical in perpendicular directions in the Michelson-Morley experiment, helping disprove the theory luminiferous ether

A

Speed of light

199
Q

A white tissue called velamen often coats these structures in epiphytes

A

Roots

200
Q

The propagation method known as “layering” involves encouraging these structures to develop on aerial shoots

A

Roots

Quizbowl (5 decks)

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