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BIO 111L > NSCI Final > Flashcards

NSCI Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the economy?

A

Society’s system of managing and developing its human and material resources.

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2
Q

What kind of economy does the U.S. Economy have?

A

Industrialized capitalist
Hierachial
-Meritocracy as the ideology
-race & sex as reality

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3
Q

in the 19th century, we moved from ______ to _______

A

agriculture; industrialization

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4
Q

Working class women found what types of jobs?

A

Low-paid jobs in unsafe conditions.

Stereotypes holding them there.

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5
Q

Common Stereotypes of Women in 19th Century

A
  • innately passive
  • physically weak
  • greater tolerance for tedium
  • only work until married
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6
Q

Unions excluded all ______

A

women

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7
Q

Manufacturing jobs were only available to who?

A

white women

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8
Q

Women of color only employed in…

A
  • Agricultural work
  • Domestic work
  • Laundry work
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9
Q

White middle class women began to take care of ____ and _____, not just their homes

A

society; offices

  • nursing
  • teaching
  • social offices
  • secretaries
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10
Q

In the depression,
Men’s labor force involvement ______.
Women’s involvement _______.

A

decreased; increased

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11
Q

in the depression, women were accused of what?

A

stealing jobs from men

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12
Q

laws passed during the depression to prohibit?

what did this result in?

A

Laws passed to prohibit employment of married women

So women lost their jobs and were ineligible for relief programs

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13
Q

Wartime production created ?

A

Wartime production created millions of jobs

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14
Q

who did the fed government want in labor force?

A

Federal government wanted women in labor force

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15
Q

how were women affected when WWII ended?

A

When WWII ended, women were laid off, either to become wives and mothers (hence the baby boomers)
OR, they moved back to the female, lower-paid sector

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16
Q

Labor force participation rates increasing for women. Why?

A
  • High life expectancy
  • High divorce rate
  • More jobs in “women’s work”
  • Recessions
  • Feminist movement
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17
Q

T or F: U.S has high rates of sex segregation compared to other countries

A

true

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18
Q

Sex Segregation in Workplace causes

A
  • Lack of overlap in common jobs
  • Men more likely to be supervisors
  • Progress in 1970’s eroded in 1980’s
  • Women and men who enter sex-atypical jobs tend to leave them quickly
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19
Q

Consequences of Sex Segregation

A
  • Limits employment opportunities
  • Tokenism:the marginal status of a category of workers who are relatively few in number in the workplace
  • The glass ceiling
  • The glass escalator
  • Differences in power
  • Sexual harassment
  • The Male/Female Earning Gap
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20
Q

According to the BoC, which race is more likely to be in poverty?

A

Latino

then. ..
- black
- asian
- white

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21
Q

More Female headed families and single moms are likely to be…

A

poor

compared to single dads

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22
Q

What did the study by Kathryn Edin and Lein find?

A

Study by Kathryn Edin and Laura Lein (1997) found that working mothers fared worse financially than mothers on welfare.

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23
Q

Title VII of 1964 Civil Rights Act

(Legislation to Promote Sex Equality in the Workplace )

A

Forbids discrimination in employment on the basis of sex, race, color, national origin, or religion, by employers of fiften or more employees, although exceptions, such as the BFOQ (bona fide occupational qualification) are allowed; implemented and enforced by the EEOC.

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24
Q

Executive Order 11246

Legislation to Promote Sex Equality in the Workplace

A

Affirmative Action. Forbids federal contractors from discriminating in personnel decisions on the basis of sex, as well as race, color, national origin, and religion, and requires employers to take affirmative measures to recruit, train, and hire women and minorities; since 1978, implemented and enforced by the Office of Federal Contract Compliance (OFCCP) in the Dept. of Labor.

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25
Q

Equal Pay Act 1963

Legislation to Promote Sex Equality in the Workplace

A

Forbids employers from paying employees of one sex more than employees of the opposite sex when these employees are engaged in work that requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility and is performed under similar working conditions, although exceptions, such as unequal pay based on seniority, merit, the quality or quantity of production, or any other factor besides sex, are allowed.

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26
Q

What is comparable worth?

A

The policy of paying workers equally when they perform different jobs that have similar value in terms of such factors as skill, effort, responsibility, and working conditions.

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27
Q

Why are women less satisfied w/ marriage than men?

A

Gendered nature of housework & children

The incongruence between what people say they want in a relationship and how they actually split housework and childcare and paid work in reality.

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28
Q

What is it called when you have to handle all housework and children after work?

A

the second shift

This specifically refers to all the work we do at home after work. Families who do not have a stay-at-home adult who can take care of the shopping, cooking, cleaning, homework, bill-paying, laundry, etc., during the day have to find time after work to accomplish all of this.

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29
Q

In terms of the 2nd shift, Married moms and single moms say they feel ….

A

like they don’t have time to themselves or rushed

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30
Q

Linguistic conventions (mom and dad, boys and girls) in our language let us know what?

A

Let us know that while males come first usually, when it comes to parenting, Mom is the primary parent and Dad is the secondary one.

This is also confirmed by popular culture, especially advertising and parenting magazines and websites.

i.e. Amazon MOM

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31
Q

What is a situation comedy?

A

Dad is the incompetent parent; Mom is the one who really knows how to do it.

or Dad is reluctant and Mom is the one who is enthusiastic about parenting.

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32
Q

Study by Kristin Natalier: How do all-male households of roommates divide chores?

A
  • Caring about cleanliness was feminized.
  • Doing masculinity meant not caring, or at least pretending not to care, if the house was clean.
  • When they did housework, they had to come up with some other motivation besides a desire for cleanliness to account for it. E.g.: no clean dishes and can’t afford to eat out. No clean clothes to wear, then do laundry.
  • When asked by those who cared more about cleanliness to participate more, gender policing; “I’m not his wife.”
33
Q

Child care is _____ labor

A

feminized

i.e. gay dads argue which one of them is the mommy

34
Q

Study by Kathy Gerson: 18-34 year olds asked how they would ideally divide tasks of homemaking and breadwinning.
outcome?

A

Only a minority wanted to do this by gender; most said they wanted a relationship with “flexible gender boundaries” (80%

35
Q

compared to 1965, men do ___ housework and ____childcare.

A

more;more

36
Q

compared to 1965, women work outside of home ____ and do ____ housework,

A

more; less

37
Q

What is the barrier to equal sharing?

A

Institutional and ideological pressures force couples into this asymmetry.

38
Q

Ideological barrier: Traditionalists

A

those who believe that the husband should be the breadwinner and the wife the homemaker. The husband should be the “head of the house” and the wife should be “taken care of.”

39
Q

Ideological barrier: Neo-Traditionalists

A

Women can work outside the home if they want to, but it is still their job to take care of the house and kids.

40
Q

what do two ideological barriers have in common?

A
  • What both of these perspectives have in common is that they see the Second Shift as women’s work.
  • 1/3 men and 1/7 women fit one of these categories. But most people fit the category of egalitarians.
41
Q

egalitarians

A

want relationships in which each partner does their fair share of paid and unpaid work.

42
Q

Gerson asked the sample of young people, “What would you choose if an egalitarian relationship were not possible?”
responses?

A

70% of the men chose neo-traditionalist, while only 25% of the women did.

This means that men put pressure on their wives to de-prioritize their careers in favor of homemaking and childrearing in a gender-conforming way. The men could not consider the option of de-prioritizing their own careers.

43
Q

Ideology of Intensive Motherhood

A
  • Mothers should be the primary caretaker of their children.
  • Child-rearing should include copious amounts of time, energy, and material resources.
  • Giving children these things takes priority over all other interests, desires, and demands.
44
Q

T or F: Intensive Mothering is the Dominant model of parenting in U.S., but uncommon historically and globally.

A

True

45
Q

Peter Stearns, historian, describes the attitude toward children, seeing them as “______ _______,” who would be fine unless someone tried to deliberately harm them.

A

sturdy innocents

46
Q

A behaviorist, John Watson, wrote that “mother love is a _____ _____.”

This advice was a threat to what society?

A

dangerous instrument

He said it was okay to kiss a child on the forehead at bedtime and shake hands with them in the morning, but “only if you must.”

Victorian society:” With industrialization, society was becoming more segregated and androcentric. Placing importance upon mothering was a way to hold onto esteem for a role that was becoming more devalued.

47
Q

Today’s intensive mothers, like the Virtuous Domestics of the 1800’s, are in the ___ and____ classes. This places women in a double-bind, because the pressure of parenting is not culturally reinforced for men in the same way.

A

middle; upper

48
Q

But not spending every minute developing their children may cause them to fall behind in the “____ ____ _____.” Barbara Ehrenreich writes about this pressure faced by the middle class in her book, “Fear of Falling.”

A

rug rat race

49
Q

Greed institutions

A

ones that take up incredible amounts of time and energy. Work and family qualify as “greedy institutions.” This makes it impossible for people to feel good about either role.

After struggling with this, many couples find that it is easier to specialize: one person spend more time at work and the other specialize in the unpaid labor of the family.
In part, they reach this decision because they find that if both of them work part-time, the economic penalty is too high. Part-time work tends to be low-wage work.

50
Q

Institutional Pressures toward Neo traditionalism

A
  • health insurance
  • zoning laws make commute from work long
  • tax advantages for only one spouse working than two
51
Q

What gets in the way of egalitarian relationships?

A
  • institutional pressures (the nature of the labor market)
  • ideological forces (preference for neo-traditional family forms and intensive mothering) make this difficult to actually accomplish
52
Q

7 types of Divisions of Labor in Families

A

1) Supermom and Neo-Traditional Dad
2) Modern Breadwinner/Housewife
3) Outsourcers
4) Turning Away from Work Together
5) Divorced Parents
6) Going It Alone
7) Childlessness

53
Q

Supermom and Neo-Traditional Dad

A

They feel inadequate in every area, and feel like “nags” when they ask for help from their spouses.

54
Q

Modern Breadwinner/Housewife

A
  • More likely to happen in higher income families, where one person can make a “family wage.”
  • Also likely to happen in lower income families, where the cost of child care can exceed the amount that the lower-wage parent can earn.
  • Stay-at-home moms report being less happy than working moms.
  • This type of family arrangement is most likely to end in divorce
55
Q

Sharing Solutions

A

least likely to end in divorce. Have sex more frequently. Report being more happily married. Sharing if between 50/50 and 60/40.

56
Q

Outsourcers

A

pay non-family members to do domestic tasks. Women with higher incomes who tend to their careers will hire out the family-related jobs

57
Q

Turning Away from Work Together

A
  • These couples both usually have good jobs that they can work reduced hours.
  • Seen as “dual-nurturer” families.
  • These relationships are less stable when there is gender-swapping. We seem to be more comfortable with almost sharing than with sharing completely.
58
Q

conflict over ______ is one of the top reasons for divorce

A

housework

59
Q

Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas spent 5 years getting to know 162 racially diverse, low-income single mothers in Philadelphia.
They found that marriages in this neighborhood …

A

were too often torn apart by poverty and men’s imprisonment. Poor women also had a tendency to see marriage as a part of a middle class lifestyle.

60
Q

othermothers

A

unrelated men/women who get involved in providing parental support

61
Q

The demands of ____ ______ are part of the reason why women are opting out of parenting.

A

intensive mothering

62
Q

low status of domestic work

A

where housework and childcare are considered low-status tasks. Women who have had successful careers and decide to become stay-at-home moms feel this loss of status profoundly.

63
Q

Ann Crittenden’s example of low status of domestic work

A

foreign correspondent for Newsweek, financial reporter for New York Times, and Pulitzer Prize nominee. She had her first child, and people only began relating to her as a mom. She said she “shed status like skin off a snake.”

64
Q

Loss of Bargaining Power

A

In all kinds of relationships, the one who specializes in domestic work has less decision-making power.

65
Q

the mommy tax (Crittenden’s term.)

A

lost wages, benefits, and Social Security contributions when you take time out of the labor force to raise small children and then re-enter it at a lower position than you could have had.

66
Q

economic disadvantage in the workplace accrues to _______

A

mothers

67
Q

feminization of poverty

A

This refers to the trend where the poor are increasingly female.
A single mother is more than twice as likely to live in poverty with her children than a single father is.

Motherhood is the single strongest predictor of bankruptcy in middle age and poverty in old age.

68
Q

Family life, because of these ideological and institutional forces that pressure people into gendered specialization in their work, ends up being another form of ______ ______ ______ not unlike secretaries and bosses.

A

systematic gender subordination

69
Q

care chains

A

a series of nurturing relationships in which the care of children, the disabled, or the elderly is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid caregivers.

70
Q

Why doesn’t outsourcing equal liberation?

A

By outsourcing, some class-privileged women can reduce their disadvantage in the workplace by replacing themselves in the home with a poorer woman.

-This does not solve gender inequality; it is, in fact, a bargain of the privileged few with patriarchy.

71
Q

T or F: All mammals lactate.

A

True

72
Q

Why is breastfeeding so important?

A

nutrition, amount, & immunity

73
Q

colostrum composition

A

milk from cow is ideal for baby cow not baby human

74
Q

milk composition

A

different kinds of protein, fat and carbs in human milk & cow milk.

human milk has essential ingredients to promote brain growth.

75
Q

Babies who are in secure relationship w/ parents will give them _____ later.

A

independence

76
Q

Will an additional investment in an existing offspring yield a higher lifetime reproductive success than a new investment in a future attempt at reproduction?

A

Yes, if:

Benefit to current offspring survival is more than cost to production/survival of future offspring

77
Q

What gender usually invests more parental care in mammals? fish and amphibians?

A

females; males

78
Q

Risks for mom not breastfeeding

A
  • slow weight loss
  • hemorrhage
  • increased chance of breast/ovarian cancer, heart disease, and diabetes
79
Q

How is menstruation affected by moms who nurse on request only when baby wants?

A

delayed menstruation

BIO 111L (8 decks)

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