NSC 101 FINALS REVIEWER Flashcards
1
Q
produces organic compounds using carbon dioxide and water, powered by sunlight
A
Photosynthesis
2
Q
plant organelle which carries the green pigment, necessary for photosynthesis
A
chlorophyll
3
Q
reactions of photosynthesis: needs constant supply of sunlight
A
light dependent reaction
4
Q
What are the four unifying themes about life
A
- Gathering and Using Energy
- Adapting and Evolving
- Reproducing and Continuing Life
- Organization of Life
5
Q
It is the process where energy is released by the broken down of substance
A
Cellular Respiration
6
Q
All chemical processes, reaction, and energy changes happening inside body of organism
A
Metabolism
7
Q
It is the process where organisms acquire food is called
A
nutrition
7
Q
It is the maintenance of the body’s internal environment
A
Homeostasis
8
Q
A
9
Q
This help regulate their ate at which these reactions occur including the amount of nutrients to be processes into their forms
A
enzymes
10
Q
Inside the body of the organism, all metabolic processes are coordinated and regulated, organisms maintain a balanced internal environment within the limits that sustain life
A
waste elimination
11
Q
All animals can move from one place to another by walking, flying, swimming, gliding, jumping
A
Motility
12
Q
The ability to move.
A
Motility/locomotion
13
Q
Reaction of an organism to stimuli
A
tropism/response
14
Q
The ability to Respond to stimuli in the environment appropriately
A
sensitivity/irritability
15
Q
The ability to adjust to environmental changes over time.
A
Adaptation
16
Q
The process of change in the characteristics of a species over generations.
A
Evolution
17
Q
A gradual or rapid change in body structure or behavior to be better suited and to survice a new environment
A
evolutionary adaptation
18
Q
increasing in size and volume by converting food to become part of the body cells
A
growth
19
Q
All living things undergo defined stages of life cycle
A
development
19
Q
Passing on traits to offspring, ensuring both similarity and variation.
A
Heredity: unity amidst diversity
19
Q
Maturing and producing offspring where genetic information is passed from one generation to another.
A
reproduction
19
Q
Organization of life is organized in hierarchical manner
A
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Cell: The basic unit of life.
Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a specific function.
Organ: A structure composed of different tissues working together.
System: A group of organs working together.
Organism: An individual living thing.
Population: A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
Community: A group of interacting populations.
20
Q
It is the process of by which organisms produce offsprings
A
Reproduction
21
It is the two types of reproduction
Sexual Reproduction, Asexual Reproduction
22
Reproduction involving a single parent, resulting in offspring through cell division or splitting.
Asexual Reproduction
23
Two types of asexual reproduction
Unicellular and Multicellular
24
cell divides into two identical cells
Binary fission (unicellular)
25
An outgrowth develops into changes and develops into a new individual
Budding
26
An organism breaks into fragments, each developing into a new individual
Fragmentation
27
Organisms possessing both male and female reproductive organs (e.g., Annelida).
Hermaphrodites
28
Reproduction involving sex cells (gametes) from two parents.
Sexual Reproduction
29
Ability to change sex in response to social or environmental cues.
Sequential Hermaphroditism
30
Female to male
Protogyny
31
Male to Female
Protandry
32
Two types of fertilization
External and Internal
33
Fertilization occurs outside the female's body (e.g., Fish, Sea Urchins).
External
34
Fertilization occurs inside the female's body (e.g., Mammals, Birds).
Internal
35
Reproductive strategy where an animal lays eggs and the eggs are fertilized externally
Oviparity
36
Reproductive strategy where an animal gives birth to live young, and the embryo develops insde the mother's body
Ovoviviparity
37
Reproductive strategy where an animal gives birth to live young, and the embryo develops inside the mothers body
Viviparity
38
Common Characteristics of Organisms
Cellular Organization
Metabolism
Homeostasis
Heredity
Reproduction
39
Groups of organs working together for specific functions (gas exchange, waste removal, nutrient transport, sensing, protection).
Organ System
40
What are the plant structures and functions?
Plant tissues, plant organs, plant growth and development
41
Plant tissues
Dermal Tissue system, ground tissue system, vascular tissue system
42
Plant organs
Roots, stems, leaves, flowers
43
Outer protective layer.
Dermal Tissue System
43
Plant Growth and Development
Roots - primary and secondary growth
Stem - primary and secondary growth
44
Secretes waxy cuticle for water loss prevention, protects against insects and diseases, and aids in gas exchange via stomata. Trichomes regulate heat and water balance waxy cuticle for water loss prevention, protects against insects and diseases, and aids in gas exchange via stomata. Trichomes regulate heat and water balance. Root hairs absorb water and minerals.
Epidermis
45
Located in the stem's center and leaf's middle
ground tissue system
46
Cube shaped cells with thin walls, Photosynthesis, food storage, and cell repair.
Parenchyma
47
Elongated cells with uneven walls, supports growing regions.
Collenchyma
47
Composed of dead skin skills at maturity, fibers and sclereids, provides structural strength
Sclerenchyma
48
Transports water, minerals, and sugars
Vascular Tissue System
48
Conducts water and minerals.
Xylem
48
transport carbohydrates from production site to needed areas and Conducts sugars.
Phloem
49
Anchor the plant and absorb water/nutrients.
Roots:
50
Thick, deep vertical root (e.g., carrot).
Taproot:
51
Horizontally spread (e.g., grasses).
Fibrous Roots:
52
Support leaves, flowers, and fruits, transport water and organic materials
Stems
53
Two cotyledons, suited for diverse growth and nutrient storage (e.g., sunflower).
Eudicots
54
One cotyledon, adapted for quick growth and water absorption (e.g., corn).
Monocots
55
Primary food manufacturing structure (where photosynthesis happens)
Leaves
56
Ground tissue with chloroplast-rich parenchyma cells
Mesophyll:
57
Main site of photosynthesis, column shaped cells.
Palisade Parenchyma:
57
Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem).
veins
57
Irregularly shaped cells with air spaces for gas exchange. photosynthetic structure.
Spongy Parenchyma
57
Seed development and reproduction.
Flowers:
57
Anther, filament, and pollen. (female)
Stamen:
57
Stigma, style, ovary, and ovule.(male)
Pistil
58
flower base
receptacle
59
flower stalk
pedicel
59
attracts pollinators
petals
59
protects the developing flower
sepal
59
Requires water and oxygen. Seed absorbs water, metabolism shifts from anaerobic to aerobic.
Seed Germination
60
Occurs at root and stem tips (apical meristems), increasing length.
Primary Growth
61
Adds thickness to roots and stems (lateral meristems), strengthening them.
Secondary Growth
61
Plant Hormores
Auxins
Gibberelins
Cytokinins
Ethylene
Abscisic Acid
62
Inhibits growth, closes stomata, drought resistance.
Abscisic Acid
63
Fruit ripening, stress responses.
Ethylene
64
Cell division, shoot formation, delays aging.
Cytokinins
65
Stem elongation, seed germination, flowering.
Gibberellins
66
Cell elongation, root growth, fruit development and stimulate root growth
auxins
67
Change in populations of organisms over time
Evolution
68
Who are the two key figures that contributed to evolution
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Charles Robert Darwin
69
Theory of Use and Disuse
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
70
Natural Selection
Charles Robert Darwin
71
Structures used become stronger; those unused weaken and disappear.
Acquired traits are inherited.
Example: Lamarck's giraffes stretching their necks.
Lamarckism (Theory of Use and Disuse
72
Individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully.
Superior attributes are passed on, increasing their population.
Example: Darwin's finches with beaks adapted to different food sources.
Darwanism (Natural Selection)
73
Evidence of Evolution
Paleontology
Comparative Anatomy
Geographical Evidences
Biochemical evidence
Similarity of Embryos
74
Fossils in older layers show gradual change and the evolution of new species from older ones.
Fossil Records (Paleontology)
75
Similar structure, different function (shared ancestry)
Homologous Structures
76
Different structure, similar function (convergent evolution).
Analogous Structures
77
Remnants of structures that had a function in ancestral species.
Vestigial Structures
78
Embryos of related species are more similar than adult forms, indicating common ancestry.
Similarity of Embryos
79
Similarities in amino acids and ATP
Biochemical Evidence
80
Distribution of plants and animals related to common origins and continental separation.
Geographical Evidence
81
Formation of new species from existing ones.
Speciation
82
Two types of Speciation
Allopatric Speciation: Due to geographic barriers.
Sympatric Speciation: Not due to geographic barriers.
83
Patterns of Evolution
Divergent Evolution: Species diverge from a common ancestor.
Convergent Evolution: Unrelated species develop similar traits due to similar environments.
Adaptive Radiation: Rapid diversification of a species into many new forms.
Coevolution: Two species evolve in response to each other.
84
Pace of Evolution
Gradualism: Slow, steady change.
Punctuated Equilibrium: Long periods of stability with rapid bursts of change.
85
Definition: Science of classifying organisms. Deals with identification, nomenclatur classification of organisms
Taxonomy
86
Two-part naming system (Genus species).
Rules: Genus capitalized, species lowercase, both italicized or underlined.
Example: Homo sapiens
Binomial Nomenclature
87
Order of naming organisms
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Classes
Order
Family
Genus
Species
87
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
Ecology
87
Scientists who study these interactions and adaptations.
Ecologists
88
A geographic area where living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) factors interact to form a bubble of life.
Ecosystems
89
Terrestrial Ecosystems
Grasslands: Dominated by grasses, found between forests and deserts (e.g., Savanna in Africa).
Deserts: Hot, dry regions with specialized plants and animals (e.g., Sahara Desert).
Forests: Complex ecological systems dominated by trees (e.g., Amazon Rainforest).
Tundra: Wind-swept, open areas with frozen soil (e.g., Arctic tundra).
90
Aquatic Ecosystems
A
Marine/Ocean Ecosystems: Support a wide variety of habitats and organisms, from shallow waters to the deep ocean.
91
Different Principles of Ecosystems
Speciation: Formation of new species. Requires isolation (geographic or reproductive).
Species: A group that can interbreed and produce offspring but cannot breed with other groups.
Diversity: Influenced by ecosystem size and distance from the equator.
Habitat: The physical area where an organism lives, shaped by biotic and abiotic factors.
Adaptation: Process by which a species becomes better suited to its environment.
Interdependence: Organisms rely on interactions with living and non-living elements.
Evolution: Influenced by ecosystem interactions.
Coevolution: Two or more species evolve in response to each other (e.g., flowering plants and bees).
92
Innate capacity to increase without limits.
Biotic Potential
93
The change in the number of individuals in a population over time.
Population Growth Rate:
94
Restrictions on population increase (e.g., food shortage, lack of space, predation). Includes carrying capacity.
Environmental Resistance:
95
Population increase leading to resource exhaustion.
Exponential Growth
96
Threats to Ecology
Habitat Destruction: Loss of natural habitat, unable to support native species.
Pollution: Harmful substances in air, land, and water.
Climate Change: Changes in Earth's environmental conditions due to internal and external factors.
Resource Depletion: Consumption of resources faster than replenishment.
97
Action Plan for Environmental Concerns (Community Level)
Description of the Environmental Issue: Clearly define the problem.
Assessment of Impact: Analyze economic, health, and other impacts on the community.
Evaluation of Local Government
Actions: Review current efforts to address the issue.
Proposed Plan: Develop a SMART plan (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Results-oriented, Time-bounded) to strengthen community participation.
