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ANAPHY MIDTERM > NS > Flashcards

NS Flashcards

1
Q

A group of tissues composed of highly
specialized cells possessing the
characteristics of excitability and
conductivity.

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM

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2
Q

Morphological divisions of nervous system:

A
  1. Central nervous system
  2. Peripheral nervous system
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3
Q

a. Brain
b. Spinal cord

A

Central nervous system

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3
Q
  • Innervating visceral or involuntary structures like smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands.
  • This is autonomic nervous system.
A

Visceral efferent

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4
Q

a. Cranial nerves (12 pairs)
b. Spinal nerves (31 pairs)
c. Autonomic nervous system

A

Peripheral nervous system

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5
Q

Functional divisions of PNS:

A
  1. Somatic efferent
  2. Visceral efferent
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5
Q
  • Produce myelin sheath in the central nervous system.
A

Oligodendrocyte

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5
Q
  • involve in the blood brain barrier (BBB)
A

Astrocyte

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6
Q

Types of cell in the nervous system:

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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6
Q
  • Innervating somatic structures like skeletal muscles and skin.
  • Pertaining to the body
A

Somatic efferent

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7
Q

Two types of processes: Neuron

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Axons
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7
Q
  • The active conducting elements
  • This is the Parenchymal – functional cells
A

Neurons

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7
Q
  • the supporting element
  • supporting cells of the CNS and PNS means do not conduct action
A

Neuroglia

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7
Q

types of neuroglia

A

a. Astrocyte
b. Oligodendrocyte
c. Microglia
d. Ependymal cells

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7
Q
  • Phagocytic cells (protecting)
  • Nangangain ng Microorganisms
  • immune cells of the CNS
A

Microglia

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7
Q
  • Basic unit of the nervous system which
    conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to another.
A

Neuron

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7
Q
  • Transmit impulses toward the cell body.
  • Afferent process
A

Dendrites

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7
Q
  • point of connection between neurons.
A

Synapse

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7
Q
  • that will allow the conduction of impulse to pass through from one neuron to another.
A

neurotransmitters

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7
Q
  • lining the ventricles at the brain and central canal of spinal cord.
  • Flow of your CSF, fluid of your brain
A

Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Main neurotransmitters:

A
  1. Epinephrine (Adrenalin)
  2. Norepinephrine (Nor Adrenaline)
  3. Acetylcholine
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7
Q
  • Conducting impulses away from the cell
    body.
  • Efferent process
A

Axons

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7
Q
  • Insulating material covering axons in central and peripheral nervous system.
  • The electrical impulse jumps from node to node in myeline sheath instead of traveling continuously along the nerve fiber. (Saltatory Conduction of Impulses)
A

Myelin Sheath

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7
Q
  • periodic gap in the insulating myelin sheath on the axon of certain neurons that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.
A

Node of Ranvier

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8
Q
  • Includes the brain and spinal cord.
  • It is divided grossly into gray and white
    matter:
A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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9
Q
  • So, called because of its appearance and preponderance of nerve cell bodies and true dendrites.
  • Outer part in brain; inner part in spinal cord
A

Gray matter

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10
Q
  • Composed chiefly of myelinated nerve
    fibers
  • Inner part in brain; outer part in spinal cord
A

White matter

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11
Q
  • Group or aggregates of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS
A

Ganglion/ganglia cells

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12
Q

Embryological Divisions of the Brain:

A
  1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
  2. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
  3. Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)
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12
Q
  • Part of the central nervous system contained within the skull
  • Most complex and largest mass of nervous tissue in the body and contains literally billions of nerve cells.
  • The average weight of the human brain in the adult is approximately 1380 grams in the male and 1250 grams in the female
A

Brain

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13
Q

a. Telencephalon (Cerebrum)
b. Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus)

A
  1. Forebrain (Prosencephalon)
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14
Q

a. Corpora quadrigemina (tectum)
- 2 superior colliculi – visual reflexes
- 2 inferior colliculi – auditory reflexes
b. Cerebral peduncles
c. Vertebral Aqueduct of Sylvius (iter)

A
  1. Midbrain (Mesencephalon)
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14
Q

a. Metencephalon (cerebellum, pons)
b. Myelencephalon (medulla oblongata)

A

Hindbrain (Rhombencephalon)

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15
Q
  • 7/8 of weight of brain
  • discriminatory identification; integration of sensory information; memory; reasoning; for use of language; for emotional behavior; for initiation of movement
A

Cerebrum (Telencephalon)

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16
Q

Fissures of Cerebrum:

A
  1. Longitudinal Fissure
  2. Lateral Sylvian Fissure
  3. Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)
  4. Transverse Fissure
  5. Parieto – occipital Fissure
  6. Calcarine Fissure
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17
Q
  • Separating 2 cerebral hemisphere
A

Longitudinal Fissure

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18
Q
  • Separate your frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe.
A

Lateral Sylvian Fissure

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18
Q

– don’t interchange the fissure and sulcus because anteriorly ang spinal mo hinahati sya ng deep groove

A

Antero median fissure

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18
Q

called in the End of lateral Sylvian Fissure is

A

Supramarginal Gyrus

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19
Q

– shallow groove, Lumalabas un Middle cerebral artery

A

Dorso median fissure

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19
Q

Depression that separating the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.

A

Central Sulcus (Rolandic Fissure)

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20
Q
  • Between the cerebellum and the cerebrum.
  • Cerebellum – big brain; cerebrum – little brain.
A

Transverse Fissure

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21
Q
  • Between the occipital and parietal lobes.
  • Middle surface of the brain
A

Parieto – occipital Fissure

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22
Q
  • Found in the occipital lobe
  • Visual center (calcarine area)
  • 2 parts of visual area: Cuneus and Lingual gyrus
A

Calcarine Fissure

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23
Q

Lobes of the Cerebral cortex:

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
  5. calcarine lobe
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23
Q
  • Temporal lobe
  • yun dulo nya, Angular gyrus
A

Superior Temporal Sulcus

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24
Q
  • Includes all the cortex lying anterior to the central sulcus of Rolando and above the lateral sulcus sylvius.
  • Center for motor functions and personality.
A

Frontal lobe

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24
Q
  • Lies posterior to central sulcus of Rolando and above lateral Sylvian fissure.
  • Center for sensory functions
A

Parietal lobe

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24
Q
  • Lies beneath the lateral sulcus of Sylvian
  • Center for hearing and olfaction.
A

Temporal lobe

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24
Q

3 part of inferior frontal gyrus:

A

Pars opercularis
Pars triangularis
Pars orbitalis- (not part of Broca’s area)

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25
Q
  • Exposed when the lips of lateral Sylvian
    fissure are separated.
  • Icucut ng coronal and makikita yun lateral sulcus, un nasa gilid tapos nandoon sa loob yun Insula.
A

Insula (Island of Reil)

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25
Q
  • Above lateral sulcus into the deep layers of the sensory area
  • Taste area or gustatory area
  • Opercular part of the post central gyrus
    (Brodmann’s area 43)
A

Taste Area

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25
Q
  • Lies in the frontal lobe immediately anterior to the central sulcus
  • Controls voluntary movements in the
    opposite side of body.
  • Brodmann’s area 4
A

Primary Motor area or Pre-central gyrus

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25
Q
  • Occupies the posterior extremity of the
    cerebral hemisphere behind parieto-occipital fissure.
  • Visual center
A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

Functional areas of the cerebrum:

A
  1. Primary Motor area or Pre-central gyrus
  2. Pre-motor Area
  3. Pre-frontal area
  4. Primary sensory/ somesthetic area or Post-central gyrus
  5. Motor speech area
  6. Sensory speech area
  7. Auditory or Hearing Area (transverse gyri of Heschl)
  8. Visual Area
  9. Olfactory or smell Area
  10. Taste Area
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25
Q

Frontal lobe is divided to 3 gyri:

A

Superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus

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26
Q
  • Lies in inferior frontal gyrus of dominant hemisphere
  • Will control the muscles that you used for talking.
A

Motor speech area

26
Q

– Brodmann’s 44

A

Pars opercularis

26
Q
  • (Brodmann’s area 45, 44)
A

Broca’s area (

26
Q
  • In front of the motor area
  • Exerts a controlling influence over the motor area, ensuring an orderly series of movements.
A

Pre-motor Area

27
Q
  • Concerned with behavior, character and emotional state of the individual.
  • Concerned with foresight, good judgement, abstract thinking.
A

Pre-frontal area

27
Q
  • Within the temporal lobe
  • Uncus (Brodmann’s area 34)
A

Olfactory or smell Area

27
Q
  • Lies behind the central sulcus of Rolando in parietal lobe
  • Sensations of pain, temperature, pressure, and touch, position and movement sensation from opposite side of body are received and interpreted.
  • Brodmann’s area 3, 1, 2
A

Primary sensory/ somesthetic area or Post-central gyrus

27
Q

dito lumalabas sa lateral sylvian fissure; sinusupply nya yun mga primary motor, primary sensory, motor speech area.

A

Middle cerebral artery

27
Q
  • Brodmann’s 45
A

Pars triangularis

28
Q
  • Lies below lateral sulcus within the temporal
    lobe
  • Center for hearing
  • Brodmann’s area 41 & 42
A

Auditory or Hearing Area (transverse gyri of Heschl)

28
Q
  • Masses of gray matter embedded in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
  • Include the caudate nucleus (medial portion) and the putamen and globus pallidus called lentiform nucleus.
  • Constitute the corpus striatum
  • Play a role in the control of motor function and injury manifest as uncontrolled aimless movements.
A

Basal Ganglia

28
Q
  • Lies in temporal lobes posterior to auditory area of dominant hemisphere.
  • Wernicke’s area (Brodmann’s area 22)
  • Nagoorganize ng thoughts na sasabihin mo
  • Pag eto naapektuhan, nagkakaroon ng change un mga letters ng word, hindi mona naoorganize un sasabihin mo (instead na Fork, kork un nasasabi mo) parang napapalitan lng un letters.
A

Sensory speech area

28
Q

types of Diencephalon

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
28
Q
  • Around the calcarine fissure, including
    greater part of the occipital lobe
  • Brodmann’s area 17
A

Visual Area

29
Q
  • Relay center for sensory impulses (except olfactory) from peripheral receptors to cerebral cortex.
A

Thalamus

30
Q
  • Involved in the regulation of body
    temperature, feeding activities, biorhythm, emotion, etc.
A

Hypothalamus

31
Q
  • Largest commissural fibers
A

Corpus Callosum

32
Q
  • Above the corpus callosum and callosal
    sulcus.
A

Cingulate Gyrus

33
Q
  • Depression above the corpus callosum
A

Callosal Sulcus

33
Q

Cerebellum divided into lobes by deep and distinct fissures, these lobes include the:

A

a. Anterior Lobe
b. Posterior Lobe
c. Flocculonodular lobe

34
Q

Concerned with the function of equilibrium, posture and balance

A

Flocculonodular lobe

34
Q
  • Depression above the cingulate gyrus
A

Cingulate Sulcus

35
Q
  • Coordination of voluntary motor activity
A

Posterior Lobe

35
Q
  • Oval in shape with a central constriction and lateral expanded portions.
  • The constricted centra; portion is called the Vermis
  • 2lobes: Vermis and Corpus Callosum
A

Cerebellum

35
Q
  • Lies anterior to the cerebellum and between the midbrain and medulla.
  • Bridge-like structure, consisting almost
    entirely of white matter linking the various parts of the brain.
A

Pons

35
Q
  • Regulation of muscle tone
A

Anterior Lobe

36
Q

– as a connection (Latin of worm)
and the lateral expanded portions the
hemisphere.

A

Vermis

36
Q
  • found anteriorly in midbrain
  • pair of cylindrical bodies made up of nerve fiber tracts which connect the forebrain with the hindbrain.
A

Cerebral peduncles

36
Q

upper 2; for visual reflexes

A

Superior colliculi

36
Q

types of Midbrain

A

a. Cerebral peduncles
b. Corpora quadrigemina

36
Q
  • Connects the forebrain and hindbrain
  • Concerned with motor coordination
  • Also called mesencephalon
A

Midbrain

37
Q

lower 2; for auditory reflexes

A

Inferior colliculi

37
Q
  • Found posteriorly in midbrain
A

Corpora quadrigemina

38
Q
  • Continuous with the spinal cord inferiorly with the spinal cord inferiorly and with the pons superiorly.
  • Lies ventral to the cerebellum
  • Has a number of vital regulatory and reflex centers, including those controlling the circulatory system, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing.
A

Medulla Oblongata

39
Q
  • Circulating within the ventricles, the central canal of the spinal cord and also within the subarachnoid space.
  • Production will be by the choroid plexus, which are present in all of the ventricles of the brain
  • Nagbibigay ng nutrition and immune
    function
  • Colorless, with a composition similar to that of lymph.
A

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

40
Q

Ventricles of the brain:

A
  1. Lateral ventricle
  2. Third ventricle
  3. Fourth ventricle
41
Q
  • absorption will be by the Arachnoid villi or Arachnoid granulate
A

Ventricles of the brain

42
Q
  • Found inside the cerebral hemispheres
  • Interventricular foramen (foramen of
    Monroe)
A

Lateral ventricle

42
Q
  • Between the 2 thalamic nuclei, continuous with the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius
A

Third ventricle

43
Q
  • Communicates with subarachnoid space through foramen of Luschka and Magendie
  • Iter
A

Fourth ventricle

44
Q

cerebral aqueduct of sylvius (this is the
communication between third ventricle and fourth ventricle)

A

Iter

45
Q
  • Three membranes collectively known as the meninges provide protection to the brain and spinal cord.
A

Meninges

46
Q

– outermost (below of dura
mater, there have Subdural space)

A

Dura Mater

46
Q

Meninges from outside in, there are the:

A

a. Dura Mater
b. Arachnoid mater
c. Pia mater

47
Q

– middle (below this,
there have subarachnoid space)

A

Arachnoid mater

48
Q

– innermost (closely adherent
to the brain)

A

Pia mater

49
Q

2 enlargements Spinal Cord:

A
  1. Cervical enlargement
  2. Lumbar enlargement
49
Q
  • Continuous with the medulla oblongata
    above
  • Extends from the level of foramen magnum to the lower border of 1st lumbar vertebra in adult and level of L3 vertebra in children.
  • Average length: 45 cm
A

Spinal Cord

50
Q
  • Where nerve supply of arms arises from
  • Upper extremities
  • C4 to T2
A

Cervical enlargement

50
Q

The lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descend along the filum terminale in a bundle known as the

A

cauda equina

51
Q
  • Where nerve supply of legs arises from
  • Lower extremities
  • Level of 10th thoracic vertebra; widest at the 12th thoracic vertebra
  • It narrows down was conus medullaris, where it gives rise to the thread-like filum terminale.
    – that will be attached to your coccygeal
    vertebral
  • The lumbar and sacral spinal nerves descend along the filum terminale in a bundle known as the cauda equina. (horse tail like)
A

Lumbar enlargement

51
Q
  • (M) Arise in between your cerebral peduncle; Found in brainstem.
  • Innervate the extraocular muscles of the eye
  • Exception: LR6 – Lateral rectus muscles of the eye that innovated by abducens; SO4 –superior oblique innovated by trochlear.
  • (PS) – innervates the iris.
A

Oculomotor (III)

52
Q
  • (S) nerve for smell.
  • Located in the axons of superior concha of nose.
  • Tutusok sya sa cribriform plate of ethmoid para tumusok doon sa olfactory bulb at dadaloy sa olfactory tract.
  • Anosmia
A

Olfactory (I)

52
Q
  • 12 pairs of symmetrically arranged nerves attached to the brain
    3, 4 – midbrain
    5, 6, 7, 8 – pons
    9, 10, 11, 12 – medulla oblongata
    (S) – Purely sensory nerve;
    (M) – Purely motor function;
    (Mx) – Mixed Nerve;
    (PS) – Parasympathetic
A

Cranial Nerves

52
Q

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

I. Cranial Nerves
II. Spinal Nerves
III. Autonomic Nervous system

52
Q

loss of the sense of smell

A

Anosmia

53
Q
  • (S) Nerve arising from the eye; for vision
  • Magcocross sya sa optic chiasm
  • Anopsia
A

Optic (II)

53
Q

blindness

A

Anopsia

53
Q
  • (M) only cranial nerve that will arise from posterior surface of the brainstem.
  • Thinnest nerve
  • Innovating your superior oblique muscle
A

Trochlear (IV)

53
Q
  • (M) – LR6 innovating by abducens
A

Abducens (VI)

53
Q
  • (S) hearing
A

Vestibulocochlear (acoustic) (VIII)

54
Q
  • (Mx) Largest of the cranial nerves
  • Has 3 branches: ophthalmic, mandibular and maxillary
  • Sensory – general sensation on the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, special sensation - tastesensation innovated by the facial nerve; motor – yun mandibular division ay nag susuply sa muscles of mastication = Mixed Nerve (Mx)
A

Trigeminal (V)

55
Q
  • (Mx) Sensory – special sensation of taste anterior 2/3 of the tongue; Motor –
    nagsususply sa mga muscles of facial
    expression = Mixed Nerve (Mx)
  • (PS) – glands; innovation of the lacrimal
    glands and salivary glands except parotid gland.
A

Facial (VII)

56
Q
  • (Mx) Night cranial nerve
  • Sensory – will innovate the general and
    special sensation on the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, (taste and touch);
  • Motor – innovate the muscles of the tongue, Palatoglossus and muscles of pharynx, stylopharyngeus = Mixed Nerve (Mx)
  • (PS) – innovation of Parotid gland
A

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

57
Q
  • (Mx) Longest nerve
  • Sensory – internal organs; Motor – laryngeal muscles that you use for talking and pharyngeal muscles use for swallowing. = Mixed Nerve (Mx)
  • (PS) - smooth muscle of the visceral/ internal organs
A

Vagus (X)

58
Q
  • (M) Spinal accessory or accessory spinal
  • Innovation of sternocleidomastoid and
    trapezius
A

Accessory (XI)

59
Q
  • (M) innervates the tongue muscles except the palatoglossus
A

Hypoglossal (XII)

60
Q

Classification of Cranial Nerves

A

A. Sensory Nerves
B. Motor Nerves
C. Mixed Nerves

61
Q
  • Carry impulses towards brain
  • Also called afferent fibers
  • Cranial nerves: I, II, VIII
A

Sensory Nerves

62
Q
  • Carry impulses away from the brain.
  • Also called efferent fibers
  • Cranial nerves: III, IV and VI which supply the eye muscles; XI and XII
A

Motor Nerves

63
Q
  • Carry both sensory and motor nerve fibers
  • Cranial nerves: V, VII, IX, X
A

Mixed Nerves

63
Q
  • Containing fibers of motor neurons
  • These 2 roots join together to form spinal nerve
A

Ventral root

63
Q
  • A bundle of nerve fibers attached to spinal cord
  • 31 pairs of nerves called spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord along almost its entire length and emerge from the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramina
  • There are eight pairs of cervical spinal
    nerves: 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal.
  • Always mixed nerves
  • Union of dorsal root and ventral root
A

Spinal Nerves

64
Q
  • Containing fibers of sensory neurons
A

Dorsal root

65
Q
  • Group of nerve fibers from ventral rami of cervical, lumbar and sacral spinal nerves.
  • Posterior rami never from plexuses.
A

Plexuses

66
Q
  • Formed by the first 4 cervical nerves (C1, C2, C3, C4)
  • This supplies the back and sides of the head and the front of the neck
  • Gives off the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm
A

Cervical plexus

67
Q
  • Lower 4 cervical (C5, C6, C7, C8) nerves and 1st thoracic (T1) supplies the skin and muscles of the upper limb/extremities.
  • Gives off large nerves: circumflex, radial, median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves.
A

Brachial plexus

67
Q
  • From L1-L4 spinal nerves
  • Anterior portion and medial portion
    a. Obturator nerve
    b. Femoral nerve
A
68
Q
  • Arising from anterior division of L2, L3,
    L4 spinal nerves
  • Supplies the muscles and skin on medial aspect of thigh
A

Obturator nerve

69
Q
  • Arising from the posterior divisions of
    L2, L3, L4 spinal nerves
  • Supplies muscles and skin on anterior
    aspect of the thigh
A

Femoral nerve

69
Q
  • Do not form plexuses
  • Independent nerves
  • T1 – T11 spinal nerves = Intercostal nerves
  • T12 spinal nerves = Subcostal nerve
A

Thoracic Spinal Nerves

70
Q
  • From L4, L5, S1, S2, S3 spinal nerves
  • The largest branch which is the sciatic nerve (the largest nerve in the body)
  • Posterior aspect of lower extremities
  • Sciatic nerve divides into:
    a. Tibial nerve
    b. Common peroneal nerve
A

Sacral plexus

71
Q

types of Autonomic System

A
  1. Sympathetic/ Thoracolumbar Divisions
  2. Parasympathetic/ Craniosacral Divisions
72
Q
  • Arises from all the thoracic and the first three
    lumbar segments of the spinal cord
A

Sympathetic/ Thoracolumbar Divisions

73
Q
  • Arises from the third, seventh, ninth, and tenth cranial nerves and from the second, third and fourth sacral segments of the spinal cord.
  • Repost and repair
A

Parasympathetic/ Craniosacral Divisions

ANAPHY MIDTERM (3 decks)

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