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ANAPHY MIDTERM > ENDOCRINE > Flashcards

ENDOCRINE Flashcards

1
Q
  • It is also called the ductless glands.
  • responsible for the synthesis and secretion of
    chemical messenger known as hormones via the bloodstream on specific target
    organs.
  • no duct system and therefore sometimes called the ductless glands.
A

Endocrine Glands

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2
Q

are highly vascular and you have
blood vessels that are fenestrated

A

Endocrine organs

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3
Q

Divisions of the Pituitary Gland:

A

ANTERIOR PITIUTARY
POSTTERIOR PITIUTARY

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3
Q
  • also known as Hypophysis or Hypophysis Cerebri
  • secretes several hormones.
  • situated in the Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone and base of the brain via the infundibulum or stalk.
  • Pea shaped
  • master gland because influences the rest of the endocrine glands
A

Pituitary Gland

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4
Q

regulates the function of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland hence this was regarded untrue

A

hypothalamus

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5
Q

Hormones secreted by Anterior Pituitary:

A
  • Growth hormones - LONG BONES
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone - THYROID GLAND
  • GnRh (follicles stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone) - TESTIS AND OVARY
  • Prolactin - MAMARY GLAND FOR MILK PRODUCTION
  • ACTH(adrenocorticotrophic hormone) - ADRENALS GLANDS/CORTEX
  • MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) - SKIN
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5
Q
  • also called the adenohypophysis
  • 75% of the total weight of the gland arises as an epithelial outgrowth from primitive oral cavity
A

Anterior Pituitary

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6
Q

primitive oral cavity known as

A

Rathke’s pouch

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6
Q
  • also called neurohypophysis
  • downgrowth of nervous tissue from the hypothalamus to pituitary stalk
  • coming from diencephalon
  • not synthesize hormones. Instead stores and releases two hormones
A

Posterior Pituitary

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7
Q

(produces vasopressin or ADH)

A

supraoptic nucleus

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7
Q

(produces oxytocin)

A

paraventricular nucleus

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7
Q

Hormones stored by Posterior Pituitary:

A

ADH (antidiuretic hormone, Vasopressin)
Oxytocin (pitocin)

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8
Q

modified neuroglial cells found in the pars nervosa

A

Pituicytes

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8
Q
  • Stimulates uterine contraction -
  • stimulates milk ejection (milk “letdown) from
    the mammary glands
A

Pitocin (oxytocin)

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9
Q

thyrocalcitonin secreted by the
____________ which helps regulate calcium homeostasis

A

parafollicular cells

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9
Q
  • also called epiphysis cerebri or conarium
  • located at the caudal end of the diencephalon of the brain.
  • consists of cells called pinealocytes
  • Hormones secreted: Melatonin
A

Pineal Gland

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9
Q
  • increases water reabsorption at the distal
    convoluted tubules of the kidneys.
  • vasopressor effect
  • raises blood pressure
A

Pitressin or ADH

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9
Q

2 thyroid hormones:

A

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine
(T3)

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9
Q
  • small oval endocrine glands associated sa
    posteriorly with the thyroid gland
  • supplied by inferior thyroid artery
  • secretes parathormone
A

PARATHYROID GLAND

10
Q

Hormones secreted: Melatonin derived from
_____________, which may promote sleepiness

A

serotonin

10
Q
  • lobulated gland lying in front of the neck
  • Also secretes thyrocalcitonin
  • 2 thyroid hormones:
  • containing thyroglobulin
A

Thyroid gland

11
Q

DECREASE YOUR CALCIUM LEVEL

A

CALCITONIN

11
Q

INCREASE YOUR CALCIUM LEVEL

A

PARATHORMONE

12
Q

small flattened endocrine glands closely applied to the upper pole of the kidneys

A

Adrenal (Suprarenal) Gland

13
Q
  • outer and thicker portion
  • CONTAINS 3 layers of cell: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis
A

Adrenal Cortex

14
Q
  • regulate fluids and electrolytes
  • help adjust blood pressure and blood volume
A

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone and deoxycortisones)

15
Q

regulate metabolism and resistance to stress

A

Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone)

16
Q
  • promote libido in females and are converted to estrogen,
  • also stimulate growth of axillary and pubic
    hairs in boys and girls and contribute to the
    prepubertal growth spur
A

ANDROGENS

17
Q

Secretes the catecholamines - epinephrine and
norepinephrine
- Produces effects that enhance those of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system during stress

A

Adrenal medulla

18
Q
  • pistol shaped
  • head part of which is enclosed by the duodenum
  • body at the back of stomach and tail related with spleen
  • Islets of Langerhans
A

Pancreas

19
Q
  • the exocrine portion is secretion of enzymes.
A

Islets of Langerhans

20
Q

vary in size and most numerous at
the tail of the pancreas

A

pancreatic islets

21
Q

Cells in the Islets of Langerhans :

A
  • alpha cell
  • beta cell
  • delta cell
  • f cell
22
Q
  • less numerous containing acidophilic
    granules.
  • found at the periphery of the islet
  • secrete glucagon – which increases blood
    sugar
A

alpha cells

23
Q
  • found at the center of the islets
  • it secretes insulin which decreases blood
A

Beta cells

24
Q
  • secrete somatostatin, which inhibits
    secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows
    absorption of nutrients from the GIT
A

delta cell

25
Q
  • secrete pancreatic polypeptide
A

f cells

26
Q
  • are paired organs lodging in the scrotum are
    responsible for the production of the male
    gametes, spermatozoa, and male sex hormones
  • interstitial cells of Leydig
A

Testis

27
Q

interstitial cells of Leydig which secrete these androgens:

A

a) Testosterone
b) Dihydrotestosterone
c) Androstenedione

28
Q
  • regulates production of sperm and stimulates the development and maintenance of masculine secondary sex characteristics
  • main hormone in testis
A

testosterone

29
Q
  • the follicular cells of the ovarian follicle secrete estrogen and the corpus luteum secretes progesterone
  • hese hormones regulate the female reproductive cycle.
A

Ovaries

30
Q

also producing a hormone - syncytiotrophoblast, human
chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

placenta

31
Q

autoimmune disorder associated with increased circulating levels of thyroid hormones

A

Grave’s Disease

32
Q

disorder of metabolism and chronic hyperglycemia

A

Diabetes Mellitus

33
Q

refers to the manifestations of excessive
corticosteroids

A

Cushing’s Syndrome

34
Q

disorder caused by the destruction of the adrenal cortices characterized by chronic deficiency of cortisol, aldosterone and androgens causing skin pigmentation

A

Addison’s Disease

35
Q

Endocrine Gland Diseases

A
  1. Grave’s Disease
  2. Diabetes Mellitus
  3. Cushing’s Syndrome
  4. Addison’s Disease

ANAPHY MIDTERM (3 decks)

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