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Winter Quarter 22-23 > NPB 014 - Illusions: Fooling the Brain > Flashcards

NPB 014 - Illusions: Fooling the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

why do we learn about illusions?

A

provides insights about the processing principles of the brain

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2
Q

what is an illusion?

A

a perceptual phenomenon where the percept and the physical reality are not in agreement

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3
Q

what are the two major problems our brains face?

A

nervous system develops strategies to eliminate info

we are missing sensors for certain aspects

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4
Q

when looking at a hollow mask making a full rotation, why does the mask appear to change direction halfway into the rotation?

A

top-down processing overrides visual information because brain is too used to see convex faces

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5
Q

what are the three types of masking

A

simultaneous, forward, backward

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6
Q

how does forward masking work

A

the refraction period from seeing the mask suppresses the neuron that would have signaled or processed the target

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7
Q

what is the critical period for forward masking

A

ISI, close to 0 ms

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8
Q

what is the critical period for backward masking

A

STA, around 100 ms

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9
Q

what makes backwards auditory masking more effective?

A

small gap between offset of target and onset of mask

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10
Q

what makes forwards auditory masking more effective?

A

small gap between offset of the mask and onset of target

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11
Q

which is more effective: forward or backward auditory masking

A

forward

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12
Q

which is more effective: tone or noise masking

A

noise

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13
Q

what makes simultaneous auditory masking more effective

A

as close as possible frequencies, high intensity mask

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14
Q

what is the masking threshold?

A

minimum level of stimulation needed for target to become apparent

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15
Q

level-dependence in auditory masking

A

higher intensity of mask, more masking

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16
Q

what is the threshold in quiet?

A

minimum about of stimulation we need to hear in perfect quiet

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17
Q

people tend to mistake the most BLANK for the most BLANK sequence.

A

typical, probable

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18
Q

SOA, STA, ISI order

A

SOA, ISI, STA

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19
Q

what role does frequency play in masking?

A

further the frequency, less effective the mask

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20
Q

utility

A

subjective value

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21
Q

what is the utility and value curve

A

curve upwards that plateaus

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22
Q

are all people risk averse?

A

no, gamblers

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23
Q

framing issue

A

how a question is presented changes our answers

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24
Q

can utility help explain the framing issue?

A

yes, find the point of the two options by its probability and compare it to the second answer’s utility

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25
Q

conjunction effect

A

people choose the middle point of the story, not the actual probability

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26
Q

neglect of base rates

A

people ignore the probability in favor of what seems more typical/intuitive

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27
Q

law of large numbers

A

as you increase sample size, probabilities even out

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28
Q

smaller of bigger hospital have more variation?

A

smaller hospital, relative frequency of having more boys than girls would be higher

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29
Q

disjunction effect

A

we want to know outcome before making next decision

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30
Q

two issues with the traditional view/

A

homunculus and rapid eye movements

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31
Q

why can’t we detect change with a blank frame?

A

disrupts the motion sensors

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32
Q

ron rensink

A

2 streams of visual processing and coherence theory

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33
Q

kevin o’reagan

A

the world is our outside memory, creates the illusion of “seeing”

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34
Q

what is spectral asymmetry?

A

target tones higher than mask tones make for more effective masking

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35
Q

how does backward masking work?

A

you see the first target, then by the time the mask kicks in, the after discharge of the target is suppressed by the inhibitory dip of the mask

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36
Q

explain how mp3 coding works for simultaneous masking

A

cut into frames with spectral analysis done, identify threshold in quiet, find potential maskers and filter for tones and noises and then filter those for relevant maskers, calculate individual masking thresholds then combine into a global threshold, cut what it below that

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37
Q

what happens for forward and backward masking in mp3 coder?

A

analyzes the same way ahead and behind for 2d rep

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38
Q

collectively exhaustive def and example

A

no other options than what’s given

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39
Q

mutually exclusive def and example

A

can only get one option at a time

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40
Q

how to represent if A, B, and C are collectively exhaustive?

A

P(A or B or C)=1

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41
Q

how to represent if A and B are mutually exclusive?

A

P(A and B)=0

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42
Q

how to calculate expected value?

A

probably of getting something with the number of chances you can have

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43
Q

absolute vs relative frequency

A

actual times you get something, the proportion of times you get something

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44
Q

how to calculate probability? (not exclusive)

A

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)-P(A and B)

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45
Q

how to calculate probability if mutually exclusive?

A

P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)

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46
Q

how to calculate probability for independent events?

A

P(A and B)=P(A)xP(B)

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47
Q

how to calculate probability for conditional events?

A

P(A|B)=P(A and B)/(P(B))

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48
Q

bayes’ theorem

A

P(A|B)xP(B)=P(B|A)xP(A)

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49
Q

explain basic form of motion detector

A

light moves in rightward motion, first detector has delay built in, second does not. the signals from both circuits reach the detector at the same time and is processed as motion

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50
Q

where is the “motion detector” in our brains

A

retina, lgn, V1, MT (dorsal path)

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51
Q

what is the “delay” in our brains to detect motion

A

longer axons

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52
Q

why isn’t there motion in both directions in rotating snakes illusion

A

same-side pairs elicit stronger responses than opposite-side pairs

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53
Q

the dorsal stream leads to the BLANK cortex, the ventral stream leads to the BLANK cortex

A

parietal, temporal

54
Q

ungerleider and mishkin thought the dorsal stream was responsible for BLANK and the ventral stream responsible for BLANK

A

where, what

55
Q

goodale and milner thought the dorsal stream was for BLANK and the ventral for BLANK

A

action, perception

56
Q

if you have severe damage to the ventral stream and were asked to pick up a ball and describe it, what are you able and unable to do

A

able to grasp it with normal opening and rotation of hand and wrist. unable to describe size, shape, orientation, etc.

57
Q

how does visual information get to our cortex

A

image on retina, sent to the PVC (EDIT THIS SLIDE)

58
Q

what happens after visual information arrives in V1 (PVC)?

A

goes to MT (motion-detecting neurons and generally the rest of the cortex where it matters

59
Q

what is the difference between dorsal and ventral?

A

dorsal involves perception, while ventral is the information needed for action

60
Q

what did goodale and milner find?

A

patient DF with damage to ventral system

61
Q

what was presented in aglioti et al?

A

two circles, each surrounded by circlers larger or smaller than it. circles could be perceptually same or different size from each other. participants asked to reach for one of the circles and their PGA was measured

62
Q

what did aglioti conclude?

A

grasping was unaffected by visual illusion, therefore perception and action are indeed separate

63
Q

why was the aglioti experiment strange

A

found illusion’s effect on grasping when the discs were objectively the same size

64
Q

why did pavani and franz argue against the aglioti experiment

A

participants were required to perceive size of both discs, but only asked to grasp one

65
Q

what did the franz and pavani experiment change abt the aglioti to make it more accurate

A

single context and separate perceptual comparison configuration

66
Q

in single context configuration, how did the illusion differ for grasping and perception trials?

A

they did not, effects were almost identical

67
Q

when is circle-size illusion strongest?

A

direct comparison

68
Q

what did franz and pavani find?

A

aglioti’s findings were mainly due to diff tasks, illusion affects perception and action similarly

69
Q

how are franz and pavani different

A

pavani believed there is interaction between the two streams, franz believed there are no different processing mechanisms for perception and action

70
Q

westwood and goodale looked at whether it matters BLANK the BLANK array is visible

A

when, visual

71
Q

describe westwood’s vision trials

A

target shown for 500 ms, then request grasp, target was visible until movement onset

72
Q

describe westwood’s occlusion trials

A

target shown for 500 ms, target was visible until immediately after grasping was requested

73
Q

what did westwood and goodale find

A

timing matters, evidence for two streams

74
Q

according to westwood and goodale, what stream works in “real time”?

A

dorsal

75
Q

if you are asked to reach for an object that you cannot see presently but had seen before, you are using what stream?

A

ventral

76
Q

true or false: when you rely on memory to grasp something, you are more prone to the size illusion

A

true

77
Q

true or false: PGA is a good measure for assessing effect of illusion on grasping movement

A

false

78
Q

who criticized use of PGA?

A

glover and dixon

79
Q

since PGA occurs BLANK during movement, it is BLANK a good measure

A

late, not

80
Q

what did glover and dixon find?

A

effect of illusion on grasping decreases over time, and PGA occurs at a time where illusion is weak. ventral susceptible to context-induced illusions, not dorsal

81
Q

without vision, if you were asked to grasp an object, would your PGA be more or less affected than if you had vision

A

more affected

82
Q

with context-induced illusions, what is the best idea?

A

the real time control and visibility from goodale, westwood, glover, and dixon

83
Q

what is contrast?

A

how different luminance is from the average luminance

84
Q

why is it important to static motion that we have different response latencies?

A

causes the delay that is necessary for coincidence to trigger motion detectors

85
Q

what is contrast polarity

A

where exactly the contrast is, so same side vs opposite side pairs and the distance from the AL

86
Q

why do we see static motion?

A

fast eye movement, response latencies, time delay between high contrast and lower contrast gray levels triggers motion detectors

87
Q

what is traditional explanation for ventriloquist effect, why is it weak?

A

we thought we’re very visual, but bimodal configurations showed that we do rely on audition more than visual information sometimes

88
Q

how does the ventriloquist effect happen?

A

quality of visual signals is better than auditory, so we perceive sound as coming from somewhere else

89
Q

what did alais and burr find?

A

optimal estimation theory is responsible for ventriloquist effect

90
Q

what is PSE

A

point of subjective equality, aka when 50/50 split of responses to indicate same location

91
Q

when told to ignore auditory stimulus, are we really able to?

A

no, performance is influenced by both

92
Q

when told to ignore visual stimulus, are we really able to?

A

yes, performance adheres to auditory

93
Q

when subjects are told to attend to auditory but not visual, and visual changes, what are they most influenced by?

A

still audition, but confused by visual

94
Q

temporal rate discrimination is more accurate in which domain?

A

auditory

95
Q

what is a reverse ventriloquist effect?

A

when visual perception is influenced by auditory signals

96
Q

how is PSE affected by location offset between flash and click?

A

EDIT THIS SLIDE

97
Q

what is variance in OoTE

A

how trustworthy, so a more reliable tool would have lower variance

98
Q

what is reliability in OoTE

A

how much we trust the accuracy of something

99
Q

when presented with flashes and beeps, people’s perception of the number of BLANK was influenced by the number of BLANK

A

flashes, beeps

100
Q

true or false: there is a robust effect of audition changing visual perception where auditory signal varied

A

false

101
Q

with soft beeps, counting flashes, there was a BLANK effect on the number of flashes

A

weak

102
Q

if you had soft beeps, but consistent flashes, you would have a BLANK effect on the counted number of beeps

A

weak

103
Q

what role does spatial accuracy play in ventriloquist effect

A

visual system better with spatial accuracy, so we believe location from that system more

104
Q

what is the DRM paradigm

A

list of word, recall the words, will usually have an unstudied word

105
Q

the probability of recalling an unstudied word is about the same as recalling a word where in the list?

A

middle

106
Q

why do we recall unstudied words in the DRM at all?

A

associative processes to do with the theme of the words in the list

107
Q

when asked to recognize unstudied but critical words, were participants able to identify that it was a new word?

A

not most of them

108
Q

are participants confident about seeing critical lures in the DRM?

A

yes

109
Q

when recognizing/recalling studied vs unstudied words, Cabeza’s experiment found what differences in the hippocampus?

A

there’s no difference between correct or incorrect rejections/recognition, only different when rejecting or recognizing

110
Q

when recognizing/recalling studied vs unstudied words, Cabeza’s experiment found what differences in the parahippocampal gyrus?

A

weak responses for unstudied cues because no sensory info

111
Q

the hippocampus has to do with the BLANK nature of the words listed, and the parahippocampal gyrus has to do with the BLANK nature of seeing/hearing the words

A

semantic, sensory

112
Q

what are interference effects?

A

EDIT THIS SLDIE

113
Q

what are fluency misattributions?

A

how easy it is to process something (fluent) affects how easy it is to recall

114
Q

what helps implant false memories?

A

repetition, imagination instructions/strong suggestion

115
Q

why are implanted memories problematic?

A

interrogation/law, psychotherapy

116
Q

what did lewandowsky find about false memories?

A

index of suspicion can contribute to whether we acknowledge retracted information

117
Q

why were Americans more likely to falsely recall discovery of weapons in Iran?

A

suspicion overrides information retraction

118
Q

what are two characteristics of false memories?

A

loss of detail and substitution of imagined details

119
Q

what is the neural correlate of a hallucination?

A

neural activity in related cortex

120
Q

what can cause hallucinations?

A

drugs, amputations/lesions, spontaneous activity in epileptic patients

121
Q

explain how a hyper-excitable state comes to be

A

lack of activity in neurons, brain reduces threshold for activity, weak signals are now able to trigger responses

122
Q

explain what a hyper-excitable state has to do with a migraine aura

A

neurons in visual cortex are triggered by strong visual stimulus (or spontaneously in epilepsy), starts wave of excitation (fortification pattern at leading edge), cortical spreading depression from the leading edge causes the scotoma

123
Q

why is there a fortification pattern in migraine auras?

A

neurons have preference for a specific orientation, the pattern results from an average of the preferences of neurons in the area

124
Q

what four components in mushrooms can cause hallucinations?

A

psilocybin, psilocin, muscimol, and ibotenic acid

125
Q

subjective experience of drug-induced hallucinations depend mostly on?

A

set and setting (expectations and environment)

126
Q

what is the relationship between serotonin and hallucination-inducing drugs?

A

chemical structure is similar to serotonin, stimulates serotonin receptors

127
Q

how does a hyper-excitable state come to be with drugs?

A

large number of serotonin receptors in the raphe nuclei, which projects the high through to the thalamus, which includes the LGN, which means that there is activity going through visual cortex, causes spreading cortical depression and hallucinations

128
Q

what is the penfield homunculus

A

the areas of the cortex dedicated to sensory information for parts of the body, which are arranged next to each other

129
Q

is phantom limb phenomenon caused by a reorganization of the penfield homunculus?

A

no, just weak connections that used to be masked by the now missing limb are now the only ones present. these connections are connected to the other parts of the homunculus

130
Q

true or false: phantom limb phenomenon does not cause a reorganization of the homunculus

A

false, over time there will be due to plasticity

131
Q

what causes phantom pain? what are the treatments today?

A

activation of nerves in the stump, surgery to remove neuromas; repeated pain signals from time of injury/amputation; painkillers before amputation

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