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Winter Quarter 22-23 > NPB 010 - Elementary Human Physiology > Flashcards

NPB 010 - Elementary Human Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

true or false:

physiology has more to do with the structure of the body

A

false

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2
Q

order of cellular and molecular perspective

A

atom, molecules, genes, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organisms

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3
Q

what is this process:

a fat is broken down into fatty acids

A

catabolic

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4
Q

all chemical reactions in the body

A

metabolism

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5
Q

what is this process:

glucose forms bonds to become carbohydrates

A

anabolic

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6
Q

you are in a cold environment, causing your body temperature to lower. your body shivers to bring your temperature up. what kind of feedback is this?

A

negative feedback

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7
Q

you are giving birth. your body releases OT and contracts muscles in your uterus. what kind of feed back is this?

A

positive feedback

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8
Q

explain osmosis

A

aquaporins, passive

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9
Q

explain the DNA to trait process

A

sections of DNA are read by RNA polymerase, produces mRNA, robisome reads mRNA and produces amino acids, amino acids become proteins

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10
Q

what do histones and epigenetics have to do with each other?

A

genes wrapped around histones become inaccessible, but external factors can “unwind” those genes through histone tails. the impact of external factors on gene expression is epigenetics

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11
Q

true or false:
if you drink, smoke, etc. now, it will not affect your children

A

false

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12
Q

do we lose DNA forever if the cell dies?

A

no, mitosis

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13
Q

why does damaged DNA produce cancer?

A

cancer is unchecked division, damaged DNA no longer regulates division through checkpoints in the cell cycle

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14
Q

why is angiogenesis crucial to tumor development?

A

growth of the blood vessels carries nutrients to the tumor

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15
Q

why is metastasis crucial to malignant cancers?

A

causes it to spread to other areas

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16
Q

true or false:
if you have more cell junctions, malignant cancer is less likely.

A

true

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17
Q

what did Dr. Agnes Day do?

A

conducted study trying to see if there was biological reason for higher mortality rate in AA women for breast cancer

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18
Q

order these bonds from weakest to strongest

A

h-bonds, ionic, covalent

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19
Q

true or false:
h-bonds represented with dotted lines

A

true

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20
Q

what structures are functional proteins in?

A

tert and quat

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21
Q

what do cells do?

A

provide basic structure and function, synthesize proteins, convert nutrients to energy, get rid of waste, house DNA (generally)

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22
Q

plasma membrane structure

A

phospholipids, carbs, cholesterol, protein channels
selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer

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23
Q

why do the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer stay intact (as opposed to dissolve) in water?

A

already formed covalent bonds, cannot dissolve

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24
Q

types of passive transportation?

A

osmosis, regular diffusion, facilitated diffusion

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25
Q

reg diffusion is for? facilitated diffusion?

A

high to low of small molecules, high to low of larger molecules (lower amount of diffusion due to saturation)

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26
Q

types of active transportation?

A

exocytosis (brought out) and endocytosis (brought in)

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27
Q

what are the four vital macromolecules?

A

lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

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28
Q

what are macromolecules made up of?

A

monomers, combined are polymers

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29
Q

polarity of carbs? lipids? proteins? nucleic acid?

A

polar, nonpolar, either, polar

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30
Q

is there another layer of security against cancer after cyclins?

A

yes, tumor suppressor proteins

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31
Q

the fertilization of an egg becomes a BLANK, which develops into an BLANK

A

zygote, embryo

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32
Q

how are mitosis and meiosis different?

A

meiosis only in reproductive organs, only 23 chromosomes, four new cells

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33
Q

does the egg or sperm determine the sex of the fetus?

A

sperm

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34
Q

is sex biologically binary?

A

no

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35
Q

what two factors contribute to genetic variability?

A

crossing over and independent assortment

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36
Q

what do all living organisms have in common?

A

energy processing, reproduction, growth/development, order

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37
Q

what do macromolecules do?

A

source of stored fuel, structural support, ability to store and retrieve genetic information

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38
Q

what is apoptosis

A

cell death

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39
Q

all chromosomes are the same, true or flase

A

false (sex and autosomes)

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40
Q

since AA women tend to die more from breast cancer, does this mean they are genetically different from CAU women?

A

no, epigenetics

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41
Q

true or false?

CNS is made up of nerves from your core, spine, and brain

A

false

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42
Q

order the following:

autonomic, PNS, parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatic, CNS

A

PNS and CNS, PNS contains auto and somatic, auto contains para and symp

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43
Q

BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK can cause excessive dopamine release in the brain responsible for psychosis

A

mutated genes, environmental factors, and epigenetics

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44
Q

BLANK is blocked by cocaine, causing build up of BLANK that causes BLANK

A

dopamine transporters, dopamine, intense high/feelings of happiness and excitement

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45
Q

true or false:

neurons only communicate with each other

A

false

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46
Q

why is the endocrine system slower than the nervous sytem?

A

hormones, not electrical/chemical signals

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47
Q

if you’re stabbed, how does the endocrine and nervous system work together to respond to it?

A

nervous system responds to the pain, detects it. endocrine activates autoimmune system to heal the wound over time

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48
Q

are hormones localized?

A

no, widespread

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49
Q

are neurotransmitters localized?

A

yes, in brain

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50
Q

true or false:

endocrine is involuntary, nervous is voluntary

A

false, nervous is both

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51
Q

the BLANK controls the BLANK gland, aka the master gland

A

hypothalamus, pituitary

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52
Q

what does the HP track connect?

A

nervous and endocrine system

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53
Q

ACTH and TSH are secreted from which division of the pituitary gland?

A

anterior

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54
Q

what kind of feedback is the HP track?

A

positive until negative

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55
Q

what does thyroid-stimulating hormone do?

A

stimulates thyroid, thyroid-releasing hormone, thyroxin

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56
Q

difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism

A

over, under

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57
Q

what do the adrenal glands do

A

cortisol from adrenocorticotropic hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, sex hormones

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58
Q

short term stress effects

A

raised blood pressure, raised blood sugar, energized muscle

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59
Q

long term stress effects

A

breakdown of muscle, fat, and increased blood sugar. also suppressed immune function

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60
Q

what is hypercorticolism

A

cushing’s

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61
Q

what is hypocorticolism

A

addison’s

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62
Q

what causes hangovers

A

alcohol raises blood sugar immensely, release of excessive insulin, carb (sugar) cravings

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63
Q

what does insulin do

A

decrease blood sugar

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64
Q

what does glucagon do

A

increase blood sugar

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65
Q

process of secreting insulin

A

pancrease, islets of langerhans

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66
Q

type 1 diabetes onset and issue

A

don’t produce insulin, childhood/adolescence

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67
Q

type 2 diabetes onset and issue

A

cells don’t respond to insulin, adolescence/adulthood

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68
Q

does facilitated diffusion involve transport proteins?

A

no

69
Q

def of neuromuscular junction

A

region where muscle cell interacts with neuron

70
Q

excitation process of muscle contraction:

A

AP arrives at presynaptic terminal, channels allow Ca+ to enter, causing ACh release, ACh binds to receptors in sarcolemma, causing Na in and K out, ACh in the synaptic cleft is broken down by enzyme or diffused away

71
Q

process of sliding filament theory:

A

Na in and K out causes AP across sarcolemma, travels down t-tubule that causes release of Ca deep in SR, Ca binds to actin which causes the myosin to become attracted to exposed actin heads

72
Q

how do muscles relax according to sliding filament?

A

Ca is recycled back in the SR

73
Q

what transport method does ACh use?

A

exocytosis

74
Q

what transport method does Na use in excitation process?

A

faciliated diffusion

75
Q

how does botox prevent muscle contraction

A

prevents ACh release

76
Q

ATP and ADP energy cycle process

A

food gives us ATP, broken down for use into ADP, remade into ATP from food energy

77
Q

match the following: glucose, polysaccharides, and ATP with checking, usable bills, and savings

A

glucose checkings, ATP bills, poly savings

78
Q

in anaerobic respiration, BLANK ATP and BLANK pyruvate molecules are yielded, providing BLANK minutes of energy. this happens in the BLANK

A

2, 2, 2, cytoplasm

79
Q

in aerobic respiration, BLANK ATP molecules are produced, allowing BLANK of energy that takes place in the BLANK

A

36, hours, mitochondria

80
Q

why does anaerobic respiration burn?

A

pyruvate converted to lactic acid

81
Q

what does the pulmonary system contain?

A

lungs

82
Q

systemic arteries are BLANK while systemic veins are BLANK

A

O2 rich, O2 poor

83
Q

pulmonary arteries BLANK while pulmonary veins BLANK

A

carry O2 poor to lungs, freshly O2 blood to heart

84
Q

which is more flexible and why? arteries and veins

A

veins are more flexible, smooth muscle for pressure in arteries

85
Q

what do capillary sphincters do/

A

open or close capillary beds to shunt blood to where it’s needed

86
Q

explain where o2-poor blood goes in the heart

A

from veinous system into inferior vena cava to right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries

87
Q

explain where 02-rich blood goes in the heart

A

from pulmonary veins to left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to ascending then descending aorta to body

88
Q

which part of the heart is most muscled?

A

left ventricle

89
Q

why can’t the heart pump side to side?

A

nowhere for blood to go

90
Q

what causes heartbeat sound?

A

closing and opening valves

91
Q

explain what 120/80 mm Hg means

A

arterial pressure of 120 systolic and 80 diastolic

92
Q

why and how are arteries elastic?

A

accommodates pressure of blood from heart, elastic fibers on and in walls of the arteries and muscle

93
Q

pulse vs heart rate

A

pulse is the “jump” rate is how many times

94
Q

what happens to blood pressure and heart rate when we hemorrhage?

A

blood pressure decreases, heart rate increases (then decreases)

95
Q

what controls blood resistance

A

especially vessel diameter, but vessel length and viscosity too

96
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

causes hypertension, cholesterol plaques

97
Q

ventilation process

A

diaphragm contracts (inhale) and relaxes (exhale)

98
Q

what is anatomy of the lung?

A

contains bronchi, with cilia, branches into aveoli

99
Q

what works with cilia to do what?

A

goblet cells to produce mucus to remove debris

100
Q

what are the three points in respiration

A

atmosphere to lung, lungs to blood, blood to tissues/cells

101
Q

why are aveoli shaped like grapes

A

increases surface area for gas exchange

102
Q

how is gas exchange similar to diffusion?

A

partial pressures move according to pressure gradient

103
Q

what makes aveoli efficient?

A

moisture, thin, surface area, rich blood supply

104
Q

explain sensors, input, control center, output, and effectors in forced breathing

A

sensors in aorta detects high co2 and low 02, sends nerve signals to brain (pons and medulla) which register the low pH and high co2, they send signals to muscles, the muscles contract and force ventilation

105
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from emphysema and chronic bronchitis

106
Q

what happens with asthma and why do epi-pens help?

A

short-term stress opens airways –> forces allowance for breathing

107
Q

is urine composed of blood

A

kind of yeah

108
Q

is there a direct connection from the stomach to the bladder

A

no

109
Q

explain path of water

A

esophagus to stomach, stomach to blood vessels, circulates and goes through kidneys, filtered by nephrones, ureters to bladder

110
Q

where does most water absorption happen

A

small intestine

111
Q

where do the kidneys get blood

A

inferior vena cava and aorta

112
Q

where is filtered blood pumped back by

A

inferior vena cava to heart

113
Q

anatomy of nephrone

A

renal corpuscle that includes glomerulus, capillaries with bowman’s capsule, and tubules

114
Q

anatomy of tubules

A

PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collection duct

115
Q

explain process of blood filtration in nephrones

A

blood into renal corpuscle to glomerulus, red blood cells and waste with plasma are separated, the filtered stuff goes to tubules the red blood cells are sent out but continue to filter with tubules

116
Q

what happens in PCT

A

Na/K pumps allow reabsorption of Na (water follows) and K to tubules. glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed

117
Q

when will you see glucose in pee?

A

glucosuria

118
Q

true or false: toxins too big to filter through bowman’s capsule stay with us

A

false

119
Q

true or false: reabsorption and secretion is mandatory

A

false, in the DCT and CD

120
Q

what happens in DCT and CD

A

aldosterone and ADH controls

121
Q

what role does ADH and aldo play in hydration

A

ADH opens aquaporin channels, aldo increases reabsorption of sodium by opening na/k pump (overall more adsorption of water)

122
Q

true or false, aldo and ADH from posterior pituitary

A

false, ADH yes and aldo from adrenals

123
Q

true or false: right ventricle sends blood directly to lungs

A

true

124
Q

why does aorta have highest blood pressure

A

right next to LV

125
Q

pulmonary arteries carry BLANK

A

co-2 rich blood

126
Q

what makes up the alimentary canal

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, large intestine

127
Q

how do we move food down the esophagus

A

gravity and smooth muscle

128
Q

how is alcohol absorbed into our bodies

A

travels into stomach and small intestine, absorbed into blood

129
Q

what enzymes are in our mouths

A

amylase and lingual lipase

130
Q

what does amylase, lingual lipase, gastric acid, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, sucrase, and lactase break down?

A

amylase - starch
lingual lipase - fats
gastric acid - connective tissue
pancreatic lipase - fat
trypsin - protein
sucrase - sugar
lactase - milk sugars

131
Q

where is gastric lipase produced

A

cells in the stomach

132
Q

where is pancreatic lipase

A

from pancreas into duodenum

133
Q

parts of the small intestine

A

duodenum, jujenum, ileum

134
Q

where are most nutrients eaten absorbed and why

A

small intestine, blood vessels

135
Q

water is absorbed in the BLANK and the BLANK

A

small and large intestine

136
Q

the liver produces BLANK that the gallbladder stores

A

bile

137
Q

can we live without a gallbladder, and why or why not?

A

yes, but watch for fats can’t digest

138
Q

the liver stores what?

A

glycogen and vitamins

139
Q

true or false: drinking alcohol with impaired liver function may be dangerous

A

true

140
Q

why is HDL better than LDL

A

clears cholesterol to liver to filter

141
Q

what is affected in AGB surgery

A

restricted mechanical, chemical, absorption, appetite, and nutrition intake

142
Q

what is affected in RYGB surgery

A

impaired chemical, mechanical, appettite, nutrient intake, absorption

143
Q

what do people with RYGB suffer from

A

dumping syndrome

144
Q

why is JIB no longer allowed

A

bypasses entire jujenum, and severely impacts all aspects of digestion in nutrition intake except mechanical

145
Q

ghrelin and leptin controls BLANK

A

appettite

146
Q

true or false: people who are starving are deeply hungry

A

false, body adapts

147
Q

where is leptin produced

A

fat cells, adipose cells

148
Q

when you eat a lot of food, why does food become unappealing

A

high leptin

149
Q

explain potential negative feedback loop with ghrelin

A

stomach detects emptiness, sends ghrelin through blood to hypothalamus, which stimulates appetite and causes eating, which prevents further release of ghrelin

150
Q

true or false: obesity is largely due to lifestyle and personality

A

false, genetics

151
Q

three types of immunity

A

barrier, innate, adaptive/acquired

152
Q

how do oil and sweat protect us from pathogens?

A

create acidic environment and releases lysozymes to kill bacteria

153
Q

difference between innate and acquired immunity

A

innate is faster and weaker, acquired is slower and stronger

154
Q

phagocytosis

A

macrophages travel to bacteria, engulfs it, and brings it into contact with lysosomes that dissolve the bacteria, spits out waste

155
Q

inflammation benefits

A

pain to prevent re-injury, leaky capillaries to bring more white blood cells,

156
Q

innate immunity mechanisms

A

phagocytosis, cytokines, inflammation, fever

157
Q

what do cytokines do

A

secreted by infected cells, warn others of infection to trigger apoptosis or give RNA of virus for prep

158
Q

what cells are involved in acquired immunity and what do they do?

A

b cells and killer t cells. t cells use perforins to kill pathogens, b cells create antibodies that mark pathogens for macrophages to eat

159
Q

testicles

A

produces sperm and hormones

160
Q

scrotum

A

sac that holds testicles

161
Q

epididymis

A

where sperm matures

162
Q

vas deferens

A

tubes where sperm travels from testicles to penis

163
Q

prostate, seminal vesicles, cowper’s glands release what

A

nutrient-rich fluid that protects sperm in acidic vaginal environment

164
Q

SRY gene

A

found only in y chromosome, determines male sex determination

165
Q

true or false: we start out non binary

A

true

166
Q

what hormones are involved in birth?

A

estrogen and oxytocin, and prostaglandins

167
Q

where is oxytocin secreted for birth

A

posterior pituitary

168
Q

where is GnRH, FSH, and LH secreted

A

anterior pituitary

Winter Quarter 22-23 (5 decks)

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