NPB 010 - Elementary Human Physiology Flashcards
true or false:
physiology has more to do with the structure of the body
false
order of cellular and molecular perspective
atom, molecules, genes, organelles, cells, tissue, organs, organ system, organisms
what is this process:
a fat is broken down into fatty acids
catabolic
all chemical reactions in the body
metabolism
what is this process:
glucose forms bonds to become carbohydrates
anabolic
you are in a cold environment, causing your body temperature to lower. your body shivers to bring your temperature up. what kind of feedback is this?
negative feedback
you are giving birth. your body releases OT and contracts muscles in your uterus. what kind of feed back is this?
positive feedback
explain osmosis
aquaporins, passive
explain the DNA to trait process
sections of DNA are read by RNA polymerase, produces mRNA, robisome reads mRNA and produces amino acids, amino acids become proteins
what do histones and epigenetics have to do with each other?
genes wrapped around histones become inaccessible, but external factors can “unwind” those genes through histone tails. the impact of external factors on gene expression is epigenetics
true or false:
if you drink, smoke, etc. now, it will not affect your children
false
do we lose DNA forever if the cell dies?
no, mitosis
why does damaged DNA produce cancer?
cancer is unchecked division, damaged DNA no longer regulates division through checkpoints in the cell cycle
why is angiogenesis crucial to tumor development?
growth of the blood vessels carries nutrients to the tumor
why is metastasis crucial to malignant cancers?
causes it to spread to other areas
true or false:
if you have more cell junctions, malignant cancer is less likely.
true
what did Dr. Agnes Day do?
conducted study trying to see if there was biological reason for higher mortality rate in AA women for breast cancer
order these bonds from weakest to strongest
h-bonds, ionic, covalent
true or false:
h-bonds represented with dotted lines
true
what structures are functional proteins in?
tert and quat
what do cells do?
provide basic structure and function, synthesize proteins, convert nutrients to energy, get rid of waste, house DNA (generally)
plasma membrane structure
phospholipids, carbs, cholesterol, protein channels
selectively permeable, phospholipid bilayer
why do the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid bilayer stay intact (as opposed to dissolve) in water?
already formed covalent bonds, cannot dissolve
types of passive transportation?
osmosis, regular diffusion, facilitated diffusion
reg diffusion is for? facilitated diffusion?
high to low of small molecules, high to low of larger molecules (lower amount of diffusion due to saturation)
types of active transportation?
exocytosis (brought out) and endocytosis (brought in)
what are the four vital macromolecules?
lipids, carbs, proteins, nucleic acids
what are macromolecules made up of?
monomers, combined are polymers
polarity of carbs? lipids? proteins? nucleic acid?
polar, nonpolar, either, polar
is there another layer of security against cancer after cyclins?
yes, tumor suppressor proteins
the fertilization of an egg becomes a BLANK, which develops into an BLANK
zygote, embryo
how are mitosis and meiosis different?
meiosis only in reproductive organs, only 23 chromosomes, four new cells
does the egg or sperm determine the sex of the fetus?
sperm
is sex biologically binary?
no
what two factors contribute to genetic variability?
crossing over and independent assortment
what do all living organisms have in common?
energy processing, reproduction, growth/development, order
what do macromolecules do?
source of stored fuel, structural support, ability to store and retrieve genetic information
what is apoptosis
cell death
all chromosomes are the same, true or flase
false (sex and autosomes)
since AA women tend to die more from breast cancer, does this mean they are genetically different from CAU women?
no, epigenetics
true or false?
CNS is made up of nerves from your core, spine, and brain
false
order the following:
autonomic, PNS, parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatic, CNS
PNS and CNS, PNS contains auto and somatic, auto contains para and symp
BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK can cause excessive dopamine release in the brain responsible for psychosis
mutated genes, environmental factors, and epigenetics
BLANK is blocked by cocaine, causing build up of BLANK that causes BLANK
dopamine transporters, dopamine, intense high/feelings of happiness and excitement
true or false:
neurons only communicate with each other
false
why is the endocrine system slower than the nervous sytem?
hormones, not electrical/chemical signals
if you’re stabbed, how does the endocrine and nervous system work together to respond to it?
nervous system responds to the pain, detects it. endocrine activates autoimmune system to heal the wound over time
are hormones localized?
no, widespread
are neurotransmitters localized?
yes, in brain
true or false:
endocrine is involuntary, nervous is voluntary
false, nervous is both
the BLANK controls the BLANK gland, aka the master gland
hypothalamus, pituitary
what does the HP track connect?
nervous and endocrine system
ACTH and TSH are secreted from which division of the pituitary gland?
anterior
what kind of feedback is the HP track?
positive until negative
what does thyroid-stimulating hormone do?
stimulates thyroid, thyroid-releasing hormone, thyroxin
difference between hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism
over, under
what do the adrenal glands do
cortisol from adrenocorticotropic hormone, epinephrine, norepinephrine, sex hormones
short term stress effects
raised blood pressure, raised blood sugar, energized muscle
long term stress effects
breakdown of muscle, fat, and increased blood sugar. also suppressed immune function
what is hypercorticolism
cushing’s
what is hypocorticolism
addison’s
what causes hangovers
alcohol raises blood sugar immensely, release of excessive insulin, carb (sugar) cravings
what does insulin do
decrease blood sugar
what does glucagon do
increase blood sugar
process of secreting insulin
pancrease, islets of langerhans
type 1 diabetes onset and issue
don’t produce insulin, childhood/adolescence
type 2 diabetes onset and issue
cells don’t respond to insulin, adolescence/adulthood
does facilitated diffusion involve transport proteins?
no
def of neuromuscular junction
region where muscle cell interacts with neuron
excitation process of muscle contraction:
AP arrives at presynaptic terminal, channels allow Ca+ to enter, causing ACh release, ACh binds to receptors in sarcolemma, causing Na in and K out, ACh in the synaptic cleft is broken down by enzyme or diffused away
process of sliding filament theory:
Na in and K out causes AP across sarcolemma, travels down t-tubule that causes release of Ca deep in SR, Ca binds to actin which causes the myosin to become attracted to exposed actin heads
how do muscles relax according to sliding filament?
Ca is recycled back in the SR
what transport method does ACh use?
exocytosis
what transport method does Na use in excitation process?
faciliated diffusion
how does botox prevent muscle contraction
prevents ACh release
ATP and ADP energy cycle process
food gives us ATP, broken down for use into ADP, remade into ATP from food energy
match the following: glucose, polysaccharides, and ATP with checking, usable bills, and savings
glucose checkings, ATP bills, poly savings
in anaerobic respiration, BLANK ATP and BLANK pyruvate molecules are yielded, providing BLANK minutes of energy. this happens in the BLANK
2, 2, 2, cytoplasm
in aerobic respiration, BLANK ATP molecules are produced, allowing BLANK of energy that takes place in the BLANK
36, hours, mitochondria
why does anaerobic respiration burn?
pyruvate converted to lactic acid
what does the pulmonary system contain?
lungs
systemic arteries are BLANK while systemic veins are BLANK
O2 rich, O2 poor
pulmonary arteries BLANK while pulmonary veins BLANK
carry O2 poor to lungs, freshly O2 blood to heart
which is more flexible and why? arteries and veins
veins are more flexible, smooth muscle for pressure in arteries
what do capillary sphincters do/
open or close capillary beds to shunt blood to where it’s needed
explain where o2-poor blood goes in the heart
from veinous system into inferior vena cava to right atrium to tricuspid valve to right ventricle to pulmonary valve to pulmonary arteries
explain where 02-rich blood goes in the heart
from pulmonary veins to left atrium to bicuspid valve to left ventricle to aortic valve to ascending then descending aorta to body
which part of the heart is most muscled?
left ventricle
why can’t the heart pump side to side?
nowhere for blood to go
what causes heartbeat sound?
closing and opening valves
explain what 120/80 mm Hg means
arterial pressure of 120 systolic and 80 diastolic
why and how are arteries elastic?
accommodates pressure of blood from heart, elastic fibers on and in walls of the arteries and muscle
pulse vs heart rate
pulse is the “jump” rate is how many times
what happens to blood pressure and heart rate when we hemorrhage?
blood pressure decreases, heart rate increases (then decreases)
what controls blood resistance
especially vessel diameter, but vessel length and viscosity too
what is atherosclerosis
causes hypertension, cholesterol plaques
ventilation process
diaphragm contracts (inhale) and relaxes (exhale)
what is anatomy of the lung?
contains bronchi, with cilia, branches into aveoli
what works with cilia to do what?
goblet cells to produce mucus to remove debris
what are the three points in respiration
atmosphere to lung, lungs to blood, blood to tissues/cells
why are aveoli shaped like grapes
increases surface area for gas exchange
how is gas exchange similar to diffusion?
partial pressures move according to pressure gradient
what makes aveoli efficient?
moisture, thin, surface area, rich blood supply
explain sensors, input, control center, output, and effectors in forced breathing
sensors in aorta detects high co2 and low 02, sends nerve signals to brain (pons and medulla) which register the low pH and high co2, they send signals to muscles, the muscles contract and force ventilation
what is COPD
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from emphysema and chronic bronchitis
what happens with asthma and why do epi-pens help?
short-term stress opens airways –> forces allowance for breathing
is urine composed of blood
kind of yeah
is there a direct connection from the stomach to the bladder
no
explain path of water
esophagus to stomach, stomach to blood vessels, circulates and goes through kidneys, filtered by nephrones, ureters to bladder
where does most water absorption happen
small intestine
where do the kidneys get blood
inferior vena cava and aorta
where is filtered blood pumped back by
inferior vena cava to heart
anatomy of nephrone
renal corpuscle that includes glomerulus, capillaries with bowman’s capsule, and tubules
anatomy of tubules
PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collection duct
explain process of blood filtration in nephrones
blood into renal corpuscle to glomerulus, red blood cells and waste with plasma are separated, the filtered stuff goes to tubules the red blood cells are sent out but continue to filter with tubules
what happens in PCT
Na/K pumps allow reabsorption of Na (water follows) and K to tubules. glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed
when will you see glucose in pee?
glucosuria
true or false: toxins too big to filter through bowman’s capsule stay with us
false
true or false: reabsorption and secretion is mandatory
false, in the DCT and CD
what happens in DCT and CD
aldosterone and ADH controls
what role does ADH and aldo play in hydration
ADH opens aquaporin channels, aldo increases reabsorption of sodium by opening na/k pump (overall more adsorption of water)
true or false, aldo and ADH from posterior pituitary
false, ADH yes and aldo from adrenals
true or false: right ventricle sends blood directly to lungs
true
why does aorta have highest blood pressure
right next to LV
pulmonary arteries carry BLANK
co-2 rich blood
what makes up the alimentary canal
mouth, esophagus, stomach, small, large intestine
how do we move food down the esophagus
gravity and smooth muscle
how is alcohol absorbed into our bodies
travels into stomach and small intestine, absorbed into blood
what enzymes are in our mouths
amylase and lingual lipase
what does amylase, lingual lipase, gastric acid, pancreatic lipase, trypsin, sucrase, and lactase break down?
amylase - starch
lingual lipase - fats
gastric acid - connective tissue
pancreatic lipase - fat
trypsin - protein
sucrase - sugar
lactase - milk sugars
where is gastric lipase produced
cells in the stomach
where is pancreatic lipase
from pancreas into duodenum
parts of the small intestine
duodenum, jujenum, ileum
where are most nutrients eaten absorbed and why
small intestine, blood vessels
water is absorbed in the BLANK and the BLANK
small and large intestine
the liver produces BLANK that the gallbladder stores
bile
can we live without a gallbladder, and why or why not?
yes, but watch for fats can’t digest
the liver stores what?
glycogen and vitamins
true or false: drinking alcohol with impaired liver function may be dangerous
true
why is HDL better than LDL
clears cholesterol to liver to filter
what is affected in AGB surgery
restricted mechanical, chemical, absorption, appetite, and nutrition intake
what is affected in RYGB surgery
impaired chemical, mechanical, appettite, nutrient intake, absorption
what do people with RYGB suffer from
dumping syndrome
why is JIB no longer allowed
bypasses entire jujenum, and severely impacts all aspects of digestion in nutrition intake except mechanical
ghrelin and leptin controls BLANK
appettite
true or false: people who are starving are deeply hungry
false, body adapts
where is leptin produced
fat cells, adipose cells
when you eat a lot of food, why does food become unappealing
high leptin
explain potential negative feedback loop with ghrelin
stomach detects emptiness, sends ghrelin through blood to hypothalamus, which stimulates appetite and causes eating, which prevents further release of ghrelin
true or false: obesity is largely due to lifestyle and personality
false, genetics
three types of immunity
barrier, innate, adaptive/acquired
how do oil and sweat protect us from pathogens?
create acidic environment and releases lysozymes to kill bacteria
difference between innate and acquired immunity
innate is faster and weaker, acquired is slower and stronger
phagocytosis
macrophages travel to bacteria, engulfs it, and brings it into contact with lysosomes that dissolve the bacteria, spits out waste
inflammation benefits
pain to prevent re-injury, leaky capillaries to bring more white blood cells,
innate immunity mechanisms
phagocytosis, cytokines, inflammation, fever
what do cytokines do
secreted by infected cells, warn others of infection to trigger apoptosis or give RNA of virus for prep
what cells are involved in acquired immunity and what do they do?
b cells and killer t cells. t cells use perforins to kill pathogens, b cells create antibodies that mark pathogens for macrophages to eat
testicles
produces sperm and hormones
scrotum
sac that holds testicles
epididymis
where sperm matures
vas deferens
tubes where sperm travels from testicles to penis
prostate, seminal vesicles, cowper’s glands release what
nutrient-rich fluid that protects sperm in acidic vaginal environment
SRY gene
found only in y chromosome, determines male sex determination
true or false: we start out non binary
true
what hormones are involved in birth?
estrogen and oxytocin, and prostaglandins
where is oxytocin secreted for birth
posterior pituitary
where is GnRH, FSH, and LH secreted
anterior pituitary
