NP2 Flashcards
How long is a CVI valid
30 days
A typical equine wellness appointment includes
A physical ex
Body score condition with nutritional assessment
Dental eval
Fecal flotation
Vaccinations
Yearly Coggins
Where is the anthrax
Midwest and southwest
In warm and dry times- July to September
Most common form anthrax ____
Cutaneous form in humans
But the most severe is the pulmonary
Just give vaccine and PPE and penicillin
Bad urine leads to which FAD
HENDRA VIRUS
- respiratory and neurological disease
- vets in Australia died
What is unique about the Venezuelan equine encephalitis that’s different from the eastern and western equine encephalitis
Birds are not a part of the life cycle and it is a FAD
It is in mosquitoes and rodents endemically
It is in mosquitoes and horses as an epidemic
Zoonotic diseases in horses in US
Rabies
Equine encephalitis
West Nile virus
Dermatophilosis congolensis - rain scald
Dermatophytosis - ringworm
MRSA
Strep. Zooepidemicus -NF
Strep equi equi - strangles
Clostridiodes difficle : GIT
Salmonella: GIT
Anthrax
Is Fecal egg count reflective of the number of adults in the GIT
No it is no because the parasites make eggs at different rates and the number of eggs is not pathogenic
Egg count do not reflect clinical disease
Strongylids horses and hypobiosis with the weather
Cold: parasites die or slow development
Fall : high L3 and eggs
Winter : decrease in L3 and eggs
Warm: speeds development
Winter to spring :
• Eggs develop in warm weather
• L3 released in fall are gone by spring ; then new L3 develop in spring
How long to leave pasture for equine parasite control
60 days minimum - more larvae will die
What’s the egg reappearance period?
It is the time it takes to get eggs in the feces after antihelimnth threatment
— it is the maturation of larvae that is not removed by treatment
Which of these increases development of antihelmintic resistance
Combination of 2 dewormers from different groups
Pour on product
Alternate dewormer
Long action dewormer
Pour on product
Alternate dewormer
Long action dewormer
All increase resistance
How to choose for targeted select treatment
Horse
Cattle
Sheep/goat
Horse - FEC
Cattle - Milk production and BCS
Sheep/goat - FAMACHA
Best evaluation of the cows nutritional status and energy reserves
Body condition scoring
When to palpate a beef cow to pregnancy check
In September (around 35-60 days of gestation) —will also get the preweaning vaccine here
Will calve in spring
Vaccination definition
preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen that when given stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but does not cause severe infection.
Trying to improve immune system with cellular or humoral immunity
Is there a consistent vaccination protocol in cattle?
NO
Every farm, every operation will have DIFFERENT needs, methods of management and production goals – therefore each farm will need a vaccination protocol tailored to their system.
Non productive sow day
Gestate -3mo-4 mo
Nurse - 3 weeks
Return to estrus 1 week post weaning
When there the sow is not pregnant
How many fighting teeth in camelid
4 canines total and 2 incisors and dental pad
—can take off fighting teeth at gumline
If there are sharp points in cheek teeth in camelid
Normal in camelid- never file down
Tail twist vs tail jack
THE TAIL TWIST is to move the cattle forward a step
Tail jack is to get blood out of tail and to distract
When to NOT use Oxytetracycline in beef
NEVER FOR RESPIRATORY DISEASE
What are we looking at in the horse hoof conformation
Medial-lateral balance
— coronary band should be parallel to ground ‘
—medial and later should be the same angle
Dorsal palmar balance
Why are horses trimmed
Because growing faster than the hoof is worn away : 4-8 weeks
Excess length
Remove distortion
Improve support
Remove disease
Why do horses have shoes
Because the hoof is wearing away faster than the hoof grows
—put it a little bit bigger than the hoof capsule
Corrective therapeutic shoeing
Increase traction for running
Where do the horse shoe nail enter the hoof
At the white line
2 things you need to pull horse shoes
Clinch cutter
Crease nail puller
Head shaking in a 8yr gelding with twitches and sensitivity in sun
Trigeminal neuropathy
—avoid sunlight
—nose net: twich like
— medication
Differentiate between aerophagia, lignophagia, geophagia
Aerophagia -air into esophagus, lignophagia -chewing wood,
geophagia- swallow sand or dirt
During small ruminant quarantine after purchase
Vaccinate
Gradually adjust grain diet (if receiving grain)
Serology– Johne’s, CL, CAE/ OPP
Deworm (epg reduction test)
Trim feet —Foot rot
How many acres per small ruminant vs cow calf
5 small ruminants = 1 cow/calf unit
1 cow/ calf unit requires 2-3 acres pasture
Do you prefer colostrum replacer or supplement for small ruminant?
Colostrum replaces 200ml/kg in first 12 hours
When to castrate small ruminant?
1st week of life Dam needs tetanus toxoid vaccine so the small ruminant baby is too young and give young antitoxin at band placement
—banding
Cattle 5 freedoms from
Hunger/thirst
Discomfort
Pain or injury
Fear or stress
To express normal behavior
Hay vs straw
Hay vs haylage
Hay : to eat the grass part
Straw : Stalk tubular and warmer for bedding [sometimes horses are stupid and eat this]
Hay vs haylage: haylage has less storage and field losses
Is a trace mineral salt or block enough as mineral supplementation for cattle?
NO
They need minerals that is NOT that much NaCl
Nutrition of cattle is best checked by…
What do you use to tell if a beef cow is 4/9 or 5/9
Beef cattle = BCS
— use the tail head to tell
—4/9 the transverse processes visible but not individually vs 5/9 not visible
Dairy cattle = Monitor weight not BCS
Energy reserve eval =BCS
Beef vs Dairy :
Breed season vs the breeding year
How long is the calving interval
The breeding season over 65 days for the beef cattle =12 months
— live cover
The breeding year for the diary cattle =13.5 months
— AI
What are the goals of a beef cow
Get pregnant
Calve well
Nurse till weaning
When to give cattle vaccine
◦ Frequent Diseases ◦ Fatal Diseases
◦ Financially sound ◦ EFFective vaccines
what type of vaccine stimulates IGA production in very young calves under a week old
intranasal vaccine of modified live
For IBR PI3 BRSV
—-this is because the IGA that is gotten from colostrum is gone by 3 to 4 days
When is active immunity the highest versus passive immunity?
Active immunity is getting higher than passive at weaning
The switch happens at 3 to 4 months
Postpartum anestrus duration is affected by
the age of the cow and the body condition of the cow at Calving
Thinner cows have a longer anestrus .
Cows that are giving birth for the first time have a longer time till they return to cycling120d vs 50-80
International CVIs must be endorsed by the
USDA to be considered official
Brucellosis exists in the us in…
What to do for cattle and swine testing?
Is there a vaccine?
Yellowstone - Montana Idaho and Wyoming
Cattle: 2 negatives 1 yr apart
Swine: 1/4 of swing tested each quarter negative
Yes RB51 vax
Cattle movement
• To make cattle speed up,
• To make them slow down,
• To make them go forward,
• To make them go backwards,
• To make cattle speed up,
walk against their direction
of travel
• To make them slow down,
walk with them.
• To make them go forward,
walk towards their tail
• To make them go backwards,
walk towards their head
Why is colostrum so important?
Cattle are born without active immunity so they have to survive with passive immunity from colostrum for the first 4 to 5 weeks
FEED 4L IN AT BIRTH [<1-2hr] — 5.2 g/dl TOTAL PROTEIN
How does heat treatment affect the immunoglobulins that colostrum offers?
Heat treatment of colostrum decreases the bacteria which enables better absorption
It doesn’t affect the amount of immunoglobulins
Do you deworm adult cattle in Virginia
No-
Famacha system
• FAMACHA system is different than using the FAMACHA card
o The system is to use the card on every animal every 2 weeks throughout the grazing season from may to September
Best tool for generic selection in sheep
Fecal egg count- this is because there is a hearibility of immunity from haemonchus contortus
— the egg count illustrates the animals that have fewer worms and are more tolerant
—good relation to the worm burden unlike in horses
Discuss how Duddingtonia flagrans can be used in parasite control programs
•
It is a fungi that is feed to ruminants and horses that eats the L3 larvae in the faces reducing the exposure in the pasture
What antiheminth is FDA approved for eimeria in sheep and goat?
This is a coccidia- there are not FDA approved drugs for coccidiosis [ clinical disease] in small ruminant
— there is only preventatives
Days open is made up of
What can be shortened
It is made up of days till 1st service = voluntary wait period and sync
Then from 1st service to conception
Disease risk in dry period
Mastitis bc 60 days of not milking ‘
antibiotics - for all cows (not judicious)
Teat sealant
Milking procedures and clean environment
Vaccine for conserved core antigen and lipid A
First 30 days of calving disease pathology
5+1
Hypocalcemia ‘
Ketosis
Metritis
Recumbency
Displaced abomasum
Mastitis bc down
Did you feed low anions or cations to a close up dry cow
Feed low cations and calcium
Feed high anions - chloride sulfur phosphorus
Calcium supplementation only post calving
What type of Ketosis is more likely to happen right at calving?
Secondary Ketosis be cause it is another issue that is not letting the cow eat as much as it needs to
Primary – occurs @ peak lactation; cow CANNOT eat enough to
support heavy milking
Secondary – occurs in the fresh period; something is causing cow to
NOT eat enough
Maximum milk is made in….
60-100 days in milk- at the end of the voluntary waiting period
What is an indicator of the udder health
The somatic cell count
Good is under 200k in a ml
What is the vet doing in a dairy herd check
Palpate cows: more important to find ones that are not showing heat or bred, it is important to cull the waste
Also just freshened and dry checks
What are the parameters we are looking at with a swine production
Number of piglets per litter (want 11.5 pigs/ littler)
BCS - based on if the backbone is prominent
Feet and leg
Water intake : 3 L in piglets and 12-25L in all others
When sows return to estrus after weaning their piglets
4-7 days after weaning
What is a nonproductive day (NPD)
It is when a sow is not lactating or pregnant
— it should be 4-7 days from weaning to estrus so can service
Affected by less protein, low BCS/food, less than 21 day lactation [big piglet drained mom]
Main reason for culling a sow is
’ Poor performance
’ Fail to return to heat
’ Lameness
Lameness!!
But all are reasons
I have been sneezing and have a fever can i enter the swine facility?
I visited another swine facility 4 days ago can i enter?
I have been sneezing and have a fever can i enter the swine facility?
—No the swine have zoonosis potentially with flu
I visited another swine facility 4 days ago can i enter?
—Yes- need 3 days between facilities
What vaccines MUST each species get
Horse
Camelid
Beef cattle
Dairy cattle
Sheep and goat
Swine
Horse: Rabies, EEE WEE WNV Tatanus
Camelid : Clostridium and Tetanus
Beef and dairy : 5 ways to respiratory+ 5 way lepto, 7 way clostridium, Brucella vaccine (RB51), coliform mastitis vaccine (dry off), tetanus
Sheep and goat: tetanus at castration and clostridium
Swine: Ecoli vaccine and clostridium, Bordetella bronchisepticum/ pasteurella multocida vaccine (atrophic rhinitis), Diamond skin dz vaccine (erysipelas), Mycoplasma hyopnuemoniae, streptococcus suis, actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Must have vaccines for potbelly pigs
Atrophic rhinitis and M Hyopneumoniae
Rabies and tetanus for human concerns
Pre-breeding: Parvovirus, Lepto, Erysiepalas
THE PIGLETS At processing
Clip their teeth
Administer iron 200 mg
Ear notch or tattoo
Clip umbilical chords
Dock tails
Castrate
Why do honeybees die?
Chemical (pesticide) residues/contamination
Parasite infestations (especially Varroa)
Diseases – American foulbrood, European fouldbrood,
viruses (many), Nosema ceranae, etc.
Queen failure
Weather
Stress – poor nutrition, moving, cold,
Damage due to vandalism or bears
American foulbrood versus European foulbrood
The American Food is spore forming so you have to incinerate to get rid of the bacteria
Where is the European foulbrood is not spore forming so if possible just isolate the queen and don’t let her create a new brood and the bacteria will leave
What is a honeybee parasite that is a spore forming fungus?
Nosema reduces the lifespan and the worker quality, causes diarrhea
How long to quarantine small ruminant before entering herd
30 days 100 feet away
Purchasing sheep from sale barn,
So bad-dont to it
Too much co-mingling
Docking tails and small ruminant
Up until distal of part caudal tail told
If too short= can cause anal tone lose & rectal prolapse
Steps to castrate commercial small ruminant
With Ellastrator band and tetanus toxoid at 1 week for commercial herd
Do it with disbudding with lidocaine block _ hold iron for under 3 seconds
In small ruminant when is there egg rise?
Pre-partum or peripartum because of the immonosuppresion of dam
Improve nutrition
HOTC complex
Haemonchus mainly
clinical signs of dehydration, anemia bottle, dry due to hypo anemia and diarrhea
Deworm in those with the clinical signs above 500 to 750 eggs per gram
Or in 1500 egg per gram without clinical signs
What is a high contaminator for targeted selective, deworming and horses?
It is anything greater than 500 eggs per gram
These accounts don’t indicate clinical disease for horses
Young horses are treated as high shed, regardless of egg
What is 100% accurate way to confirm death in a horse
Corneal reflex
What are the caveat of taking a food animal to slaughter instead of euthanasia?
To be slaughtered, they have to be able to walk in and there can’t be disseminated disease (like cancer)
Captive bolt goes between….
Horse
Cow
Goat /sheep
Camelid
Pig
Horse — X between the eyes and the ears
Cow — X between the (lateral canthus) eyes and horns (must use secondary method too)
Goat /sheep—x between the horns and the ears < from the top of the head>
Camelid— From the poll-top of the head
Pig— non-penetrating captive bolt in sucking pigs; an older pigs, penetrating captive bolt/heart stick/shocked and exanguinate
What sizes of the handgun bullet is good for a bovine?
9 mm
.45 ACP
.38 SPECIAL
.357 MAGNUM
WITH A FULL METAL JACKET THAT IS NEEDED TO PENETRATE
How much space between the captive bold gun and the head?
How much space between the handgun and the head of the animal?
How much space between the rifle and the the head of the animal?
Penetrating captive bolt no space between the head and gun
6 to 12 inches between the handgun and head
3 feet between the rifle and head
do not put the rifle or handgun on the head
What are some secondary methods for a penetrating cap of bold to be confirmed?
KCl
Pitting rod
Second shot
Exsanguination
This is done because 10% of animals won’t die with a penetrating captive shot
Dvm prefers: Xylazine- captive bold gun- pithing rod
The way that food animal zymosis enters susceptible hosts from the reservoir
Environmental transmission
Direct contact
Food
How do people most commonly get brucellosis?
By drinking raw and unpasteurized milk from Bros is positive cows or those that have been vaccinated with RB 51
Q fever
Happens in small romance commonly, and there are abortion storms
In humans, it is asymptomatic or flu, like symptoms with potential pneumonia mostly from inhaling the bacteria
Drift versus shift of influenza viruses
Drift is when it is a slow change in genome of the army virus
Shift is when chunks of the viral genome are Reas quickly and multiple strains recombine
What disease from pigs can cause meningitis shock and has a significant mortality rate and long-term neurological effects
Streptococcus suis
Often from raw pork consumption
Also, nipah virus
Diseases that come from birds to humans and their clinical signs
High pathogenic avian influenza
Virulent Newcastle disease
PSITTACOSIS-has elementary body and multiple servers transmission and respiratory secretion
High pathogenic, avian influenza, and variant Newcastle disease cause mild symptoms, but a high mortality rate in humans AND conjunctivitis
PSITTACOSIS caused respiratory disease in humans
What disease can get to humans through the egg of a bird
Salmonella and PSITTACOSIS
Not any of the avian influenza
Raw milk can cause these diseases
Listeriosis
Q fever
Brucellosis
Campylobacter fetus fetus
Campylobacter jejuni jejuni **most common cause of human gastroenteritis*^
Never vaccinate a mare ____ days of pregnancy
90
When to start vaccinating foal
4-6 months
Preconditioned calves
Calves that have been
• Weaned - for a minimum of 45 days
• Processed – vaccinated, castrated, dehorned and
identified
• “Bunk broke” – trained to eat from a bunk and drink
from a trough
Beef vs dairy weaning
Pigs
Beef : 7 months (spring calving), 8 months (fall calving)
DAIRY : 2 months
Pigs: 21 days
Small rum: 2 months
Zinc sulfate foot bath
For foot rot in small ruminant
