Hp 3 Flashcards
5 parameters of the water quality in the fish
Temperature
Dissolved oxygen
PH
Ammonia
Nitrite and nitrate
major groups of fish cultured in the world.
main types of aquaculture systems used to maintain captive fish
main water quality parameters used to evaluate water quality for fish
some of the major stressors of captive and wild fishes
Primary waste product of a fish
Ammonia from the gills and it is <0.02ppm
As ph and temperature goes up then the ammonia becomes more toxic
New tank syndrome
First 6 weeks of the new aquatic system
- It takes 6 weeks to go from one end to the other end (ammonia to nitrate) to overcome the issue
• so ammonia and nitrite are the primary problem
Only way to get rid of the nitrate is by doing regular water changes
Gills do 3 things
Respiration
Excrete
Oslo regulation -
VHS
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia
Along the pacific coast
Most common bacteria that affects the fish population
The most common pathogen?
Gram negative
Aeromonas hydrophilia- in the freshwater fish it causes skin and systemic infection [more in summer/spring]
Know mycobacterium for fish
Zoonotic and looks different in different species
- granduloma in organs or tissues
Ecdysis
Dysecdysis
Periodic renewal of skin by shedding
Major diseases and problems of the reptiles
Viral: paramyxovirus [diagnose respiratory dz post mortem and causes 2ndary bacteria] and inclusion body disease (IBD) [progressive flaccid paralysis]
Bacteria: salmonella [zoonosis], ulcerative stomatitis, pneumonia, mycobacterium [zoonosis]
Housing requirements of the reptiles
Species specific: aquarium, terrarium, viviarium
Need water and dry land
Temperature gradient (78-95) and UV light
—UVB 290 320 helps with VitD metabolism and the calcium synthesis
House individually
Do you have to feed reptiles live prey?
No you can actually avoid feeding them live prey
Zppnotic diseases of the reptiles
Aeromonas and Pseudomonas :ulcerative stomatitis and pneumonia or secondary bacterial infection to the paramyxovirus
Salmonella : ban turtles <4in —> subclinical
Mycobacterium : nodular granduloma
Practice hygiene!
Metabolic bone disease in reptiles is because
Of poor nutrition it is low calcium and high phosphorous (due to diet)
Or it can be because of inadequate light no calcium synthesis
What are reptiles?
Snakes and lizards
turtles and tortoises
Alligators and crocodiles
Amphibian diseases
Chromomycosis vs Chytridiomycosis
Chromomycosis -Fungal zoonotic disease that causes disseminated and pigmented granduloma (black spots)
Chytridiomycosis- Worldwide fungus, NOT zoonotic— cause sudden death and ventral erythema with keratin deformity— no hyphae
—death due to loss of osmoregulation
Both in soil and both euthanasia
Reg leg syndrome
Aeromonas hydrophila
— due to stress or trauma or poor water
Tx: change water and nutrition
Zoonotic
Skin ulceration ddx in amphibians
Aeromonas and mycobacteriosis — need PCR or histopathology to differentiate
Iridovirus : abnormal swimming
Skin and gill irritation leads to….
Epithelial hyperplasia in fish and amphibians
—reduces ability to breathe through skin and osmoregulate
Epitheliotrophic virus
Canine distemper
Hemorrhagic disease in Whitetail deer in southeastern US
Oral cyanosis
Hemorrhage at the base of the pulmonary artery
Animals covered by the animal welfare act
Animals covered by the AWA: Cat, dog, hamster, rabbit, non-human primate, guinea pig, and any other warm blooded animal not excluded
▪Excluded species: rodents bred for research, farm animals (if used for food/fiber/ag experiments), cold-blooded animals
If you have a laboratory research with Animals and you want to submit an application for FDA drug or medical device, what do you have to do?
You have to be using good laboratory practices GLP
Enforced by the FDA
What is Bio security?
Guide defines animal biosecurity as “all measures taken to prevent, identify, contain, and eradicate known or unknown infections that may cause clinical disease or alter physiologic and behavioral responses or otherwise make the animals unsuitable for research
Personalization of rooms and airflow
When do you want positive room pressure?
When do you want negative room pressure
Positive room pressure because the room is super clean and you want biosecurity
Negative pressure when you’re trying to contain something infectious within within the room
Two surveillance methods for research animals
Dirty bedding sentinel _ use the bedding and immunocomperent mice and quarterly necropsy and test mice
Environmental testing by swabbing IVC vents
Rederivation of lines
Cross foster rederivation: place newborn pups onto “clean” mom
-Embryo transfer rederivation: place embryos into “clean” pseudopregnant mom
-Cesarean rederivation: perform C-section and place pups with “clean” mom
Lyme disease is gotten by which tick
Ixodes in northeast
Myomorph
Rat and mice
Harderian gland
in rats and mice located around the orbit of the eyes it produces an iron containing porphyrin under stress
Red tears undressed
How to sex animals that are rats and mice
Distance from the anus to the genital papilla is smaller in females than males
Shorter anogenital distance in females
Which pocket pets have what lifespan
Proliferative ileitis or wet tail
Is a clostridium difficile in hamster that is zoonotic
That causes inflammed cecum and diarrhea and dehydration and death
Zoonotic!
Major differences between
Hystrichomorphs (Guinea pig, chinchillas, nutria)
& Myomorphs (hamsters, gerbils, rats and mice)
hystrichomorphs…. ‘
have a longer gestation period.
Produce precocious offspring that are developed and look like parent and run around
Have cellular membrane that, breeding + birth is the only time that the vaginal canal is open
Which pocket pets can you hold by heck or scruff
Rat t mice _
Not guineapigs - support chest and near
If you see a domestic rabbit with a head tilt and respiratory signs, what is the disease?
Snuffles due to pasturela multocida
Domestication syndrome
Selected behaviorally which secondarily caused other physical changes (curly tails and color and floppy ears)
Paedomorphism
retention of juvenile characters by the adult- short muzzle and large eyes small muzzle
Socialization period
Dog 3-14 weeks
Cat • 3-9 weeks of age
Most aggression is….
Normal and ritual
And is fear-based
Aggression is communication - notice yawning or lip licking that helps stop dog from biting
When are kittens most active?
Seven weeks till 14 weeks
This is when their socialized - from 3wks and when they are in their exploratory stage
ABC descriptive assessment
Antecedent- behavior- consequence
What happened before the behavior -prob is the memory but what caused it?
Consequence: what happened right after the behavior
Strategy for behavior
Management strata
Conditioning strategy
Cooperative care strategy
Give examples of the 3 kinds of food hazards
Food security
Food insecurity
Hunger and malnutrition
Food security: physical and economic access to safe and nutritional food that is for active and healthy life
Food insecurity: limited or uncertain ability to acquire the food - is food there and can you pay for it
Hunger : physical sensation in body because of lack of consuming energy
Malnutrition : imbalance of energy and protein and nutrients affecting the organs—> more severe form is starvation
Four pillars of food security
Available : production and distribution and exchange
Access: Affordability, allocation, preferences
Utilization : Have to be able to utilize food- is it healthy food and can they digest the food —> improves with eduction
Stability The system must be stable to keep this security - refugees? Market stability? Income stable?
roles of the organizations addressing food security globally AND nationally
Globally there is the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO), WHO, IFAD (for funding), UNICEF
Global food and nutrition security: world bank - loan to governments
Globally the US: has department of state and homeland security and agriculture
USDA (education adn supplemental programs) and HHS (CDC and disease prevention) nationally
Which groups of people are more vulnerable to food insecurity.
Children
Women
Ethnic minority
Food safety versus food defense
Food safety is preventing unintentional things in food
Food defense is preventing intentional, adulterants in food
Adulterants can be biological (salmonella), physical (screw/ plastic), chemical (disinfectant or antibiotic) these things can cause intoxication or infection per the USDA
8 major components of a preventive medicine program for poultry.
Good genetics
Start co/ healthy poultry
Good biosecurity
Healthy environment
Nutrition good
Healthy gut
Healthy immune system
Use therapeutics wisely
do’s and don’ts of acquiring healthy poultry
Don’t: buy from neighbors, from feed stores, bird swaps
Do buy NPIP certified sources (private breeders, commercial hatchery)
basic objectives of the NPIP
National poultry improvement plan
These green for certain salmonella, micoplasma, and avian influenza
7 good biosecurity practices for poultry
Keep your distance
Keep it clean
Clean vehicle and equipment
Do not Borrow disease : don’t share equipment
Quarantine Newbird for 40 days
Know signs of infectious disease
Get a diagnosis
designate the proper order of care for poultry
- Healthy Young
- Healthy Old
- Quarantined
- Sick
PPE always when working with sick animals
list the advantages and disadvantages of raising poultry in confinement
describe how to control coccidiosis in poultry
Control Coccidiosis by using coccidiostats in “shuttle programs”
Expose them to a low level of coccidia (vaccine) then put them in a flock with coccidiaStat
Keep rotating between ionophore coccidiastat versus chemical coccidiastat to prevent resistance
interpret a serologic profile for the purposes of designing a vaccination program
The classic serologic profile for gram-negative opportunistic pathogen poultry: take two antibody titers overtime
If the second titer is increased, then it is likely the new exposure
Versus if the titer is declining in the second sample, it is an old exposure
4 ways to give poultry vaccine
6 reasons for vaccine failure in poultry
Ways to give vaccines: spray, water source, subcutaneous, in-ovo (egg), etc.
Vax failure:
• Immunocompromise or subclinical disease
• Inactivation prior – thawing, sunlight, expired
• Inactivation during – disinfectants, chlorine
• Delivery system malfunction
• Suboptimal dosage – dilution to save $$
• Improper application – extra-label use
• Evolution of the target organism
Define agroterrorism
Direct or indirect attacks on the food supply, livestock animal feed or water supply
Could be cyber attack from across the world
They can affect consumer confidence and export embargo
7 attributes of the CARVER + Shock - Food / Ag Vulnerability Assessment tool.
• C riticality - measure of public health and economic impacts of an attack
• A ccessibility - ability to physically access and egress from target
• R ecuperability - ability of system to recover from an attack
• V ulnerability - ease of accomplishing attack
• E ffect - amount of direct loss from an attack as measured by loss in production
• R ecognizability - ease of identifying target +
• Shock - the combined health, economic, and psychological impacts of an attack
list the 5 steps in a CARVER + Shock Assessment.
Step one is establishing context and scenario who why what how
Step two is getting a team of experts to assess the farm or facility or animal livestock
Step three how to secure the facility
Step four score and rank the criticality of the situation
Step five develop mitigation strategy
Food defense mitigation strategy
There’s a FDA database that has strategies
Fish skin has
Epidermis on the outside scales originating from the dermis and dermis
The anatomy and function of a gill
Anatomy-respiratory structure with four cartilaginous arches that are white [do not cut these arches]
Function of gills -respiration excretion of ammonia and Osmo regulation
— location of respiratory exchange with red blood cells
Saltwater versus freshwater fishes
— which have a larger amount of urine
— which Have active absorption of salt from urine
Freshwater— which have a larger amount of urine
Freshwater— which Have active absorption of salt from urine
With freshwater fish, there is less need to conserve water
With saltwater fish, where water is passively being pulled out ; there’s more need to conserve water— less urine
—-water is actively absorbed
Stress in a fish can present in three ways
The primary responses in the blood
Secondary is tissue -glucose or lactate
Tertiary is in the population health — more chronic
6 categories of innate (normal) behavior in birds.
• Migration : move on the four key American flyways
• Communal behavior: for protection and food
• Territoriality: Aggression may be displayed toward all animals entering the territory
• Courtship and mating: mate in high light levels-more fighting-short meeting, long courtship
• Nest building
• Egg incubation and rearing of young
describe how pecking is established and maintained in a population as well as the adverse effects of pecking order disruption
It is established by age size and color
Losing the alpha or the omega bird can cause stress for the whole flock
Megha bird who the whole flock takes their aggression out on
rearing needs of precocial, altricial, and parasitic-altricial species
Precocial chicks are able to find food for themselves
Altricial chicks must be reared by their parents until they fledge
Some parasitic species have other “parents” rear their young (typically accompanied by siblicide)
differentiate between normal, abnormal, and undesirable behaviors in birds
Abnormal Behaviors
• Increased, agitated vocalizations
• Decreased vocalizations
• Ruffled feathers
• Decreased food and water intake
• Solitary rather than social
• Unable to stand / fly
• Somnolence when undisturbed
• Will often rouse when disturbed and try to appear normal
• Biting
• Screaming
• Physiologic regurgitation
• Preferential dieting
• Mate Aggression
• Broodiness
describe how to modify undesirable behaviors in birds
Don’t use punishments
Use positive reinforcement and environmental enrichment
** Keep a regular schedule,~ for lights, etc.**
how the following issues are also related to food safety – food allergies, antimicrobial resistance, and GMO products
one of the biggest threats to global
health, food security, and development today
•Antibiotic resistance
What tools do the Federal Meat Inspection act of 1906 and the Wholesome Meat Inspection act of 1967 give the US government to ensure food safety in the US?
- Mandates antemortem inspection
- Mandates postmortem inspection
- Sets sanitary standards for slaughterhouses and meat processing plants.
- Authorizes continued monitoring and inspection within slaughterhouses and plants. USDA
- Prohibits the sale of adulterated or misbranded livestock meat
States have to have inspection programs equal to ISIS USDA
5 methods of humane slaughter and indicate the step required for all food animal species processed commonly (ie not Kosher)
First – rendered insensible to pain quickly (STUN)
• Captive bolt
• Penetrating – enters cranium, damages cerebrum (spreads brain matter)
• Non-penetrating – mushroom shaped strikes w/ great force (less reliable)
• Gunshot
• Electronarcosis – electric current through the brain
• Carbon dioxide – sheep, calves, swine
Second - shackled or hoisted by a hind limb and move down to next step
Third – exsanguination into thoracic cavity and sever carotids and jugulars
Compare and contrast antemortem and postmortem inspection with respect to why they are done and the various result
Antemortem
• Remove obviously diseased animals prior to slaughter; helps to prevent unnecessary contamination of the slaughtering facility
• Identify suspects better for more extensive postmortem
Antemortem
I passed for slaughter
2 US suspect
3 US condemned -bad disease
Postmortem is to look at the facility and and the diseases of the head or viscera
Postmortem
—Pass
—Retained for PHV to look at
—Condemned
basics steps and key processes of antemortem and postmortem slaughter
During postmortem inspections what disease processes make partial condemnation complicated?
Tuberculosis - in specific lymph nodes etc. there are complicated rules
Actinomycosis and actinobacillosis: lumpy jaw and wooden tongue : depends on the extent of it
Cysticercus bovis : tapeworm
Advise cattle producers best practices disposition of animals for varying types and severity of illnesses
primary sources of contamination during the slaughter process for ruminants
Specified Risk Materials (SRM) (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)
• Tonsils and distal ileum (now inedible)
• >30months – skull, eyes, brain, trigeminal ganglia, vertebral column and SC : Want to remove these
Fish infection:
Necrotic gills and secondary bacterial infection
High mortality
Koi herpes virus
Describe the global and national burden of antimicrobial resistance in human populations
Significant regional variation in
attributable deaths
Untreated water in waste waterways globally but more in low income country
Describe the difference between direct and indirect AMR transmission
pathways from animals to human
Direct transmission focuses on AMR pathogens that develop in animals and are transmitted to people through food, water, or direct contact
Indirect transmission occurs through environmental mediation: AMR bacteria serve as a source of AMR genes (mobile genetic elements) that can be shared between bacteria in the environment. Humans are exposed
– not necessarily to the original animal-origin bacteria, but to bacteria in the environment that now contain the animal-origin resistance genes
Describe the relative contribution of the two most common zoonotic
foodborne AMR pathogens to total AMR infections in the United States
Direct transmission
14% of amr illness**
Drug-resistant Campylobacter
—decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones or macrolides
—undercooked chicken or puppy prophylactic tx
Drug-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella
—people from eating
contaminated food or from
contact with feces from
infected people or animals
Describe trends in antibiotic sales data for food-producing animal
The trend from 2013 is Decreasing because of the veterinary feed directive in 2017 to stop adding antimicrobials to feed to increase size
Compare and contrast the sources of data for AMR monitoring in animal populations in the United States relative to their purpose, the agencies that oversee data collection and analysis, and types of samples collected.
** Monitoring data on AMR in animals is collected via NARMS, Vet-LIRN, and NAHLN**
• National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System
—Collab w fda cdc and Fsis to see food borne AMR
• Antimicrobial sales for food producing animals
—decreased with VFD
—data to FDA
• Antimicrobial use data for food producing animals
—BETTER because it is the use data from FDA
• Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN)
—susceptibility of veterinary relavent bacteria isolates of food and companion animal -FDA
• National Animal Health Laboratory Network – AMR pilot project
—USDA APHIS: AMR in animal pathogens
Describe what happens to milk from the udder to the plant.
Teat end, inflation, bowl,
long milk tube, milk line, receiver jar,
milk sock, bulk tank,
milk hose, milk truck, milk silo,
processing equipment, product
truck, store, home refrigerator, cup.
Describe the quality standards of grade A milk and why they are important in maintaining a healthy food product.
No odd odors
Bacterial count is less than 100000
No drug residues
The somatic cell count <750k [usually 400k- indicate infection]
Bulk tank under 40F or less within 2 hours of milking —>bc E.coli
Describe the tests performed on milk to ensure unadulteration and wholesomeness
Cryoscope test: see if the freezing point of milk iS correct: should be -0.54C
—lower than water
Check for B-lactams
Describe the tests used to quantify bacteria in milk and how the results of the test can be used in maintaining milk quality.
Standard plate count - monthly bacterial count
Preliminary Incubation: for shelf life and the sanitary condition of farm
Describe pasteurization and homogenation
Pasteurization - frees milk of pathogenic bacteria
—kill alkaline phosphate enzymes - do alkaline phosphate text
—145F for 30 min
—161F for 15 sec
—280F for 2 sec - flashed
Homogenation
Major Species
Cattle, Dog Cat, Horse, Pig, Poultry
—even if they are a “pet”
Minor species
Wildlife
Sheep and goat
Honeybees
Rabbits,
Pocket pet
Fish
—Need withdrawal times for the food animals major and minor
Cephalosporin are they bannered
No in minor food animal and can be intramammary
Extralabel is only if therapeutic disease not not the label— CANNOT change dose or duration or frequency
VFD
Authorizes the client to obtain and use animal feed bearing or containing a
VFD/combination VFD drug
◦ For treatment purposes only and in accordance with FDA approved
conditions for use
Must be licensed to practice in the state in which the animals reside Must be in the context of a valid VCPR
Concerns if there are residues in food products
Difference between antibiotic resistance and antibiotic residue
Residue is an antibiotic metabolite in the animal : this may result in higher than acceptable amounts for humans — allergies or disease
Understand the various steps and tools producers, veterinarians and the government use to prevent residues in food products
VCPR
Extralabel drug use is determined by the veterinarian
—- have to show withdrawal period with the food animal
drug label for a food animal antibiotic and find the important information for residue prevention.
Where the extralabel use is prohibited (doses or species or groups)
Whether the withdrawal times are correct on the box -not procaine penicillin G
reasons the beef and dairy industries use implants and hormones to increase production efficiency
To increase feed intake and efficiency - there is increased gain
how a recent FDA guidance may effect the ability of producers to use implants as effectively
No extralabel use of implant in a different phase of cattle production so even though they are over the counter there are laws
Single brand labeled of reimplantation for confined growing beef - in the specific order
—less choice
MGA - progestin in feed for weight gain and sync
Progesterone CIDR
Bacterial disease of fish are commonly
Gram negative and carried subclinically
They are predisposed by stress
You see hyperplastic epithelium on gills of fish (poor osmoregulation) you suspect nitrogenous waste toxicity….what do you need to confirm?
Water quality parameters
Water mold or fungal disease in fish is due to….
Most common fungus is…
Poor water quality or trauma
Commonly in fish is Saprolegnia - can only treat free swimming stage
Reptile diseases that cannot be treated and must be euthanized
Viral Paramyxovirus (PMV)- respiratory disease
Inclusion Body Disease (IBD) - progressive paralysis
Length of courtship vs mating in birds
Long courtship and short mating
What foods does USDA vs FDA regulate
Meat
Poultry
Fish (generally)
Eggs
Wild game
Raw fruits and veggies
Meat -USDA
Poultry - USDA
Fish (generally) -FDA
Eggs- USDA and FDA
Wild game - FDA [turkey, duck, geese]
Raw fruits and veggies -USDA
Imported diarrhea in plant foods to humans
Cyclosporiasis
Psuedoappendicitis with bloody diarrhea and fever is a symptom of
Yersiniosis in humans from uncooked meat or raw milk or contaminated water
What flu-like or transplacental parasitic disease can come from cat fecal matter
Toxoplasma gondii
- in uncooked pork or soil or fecal mater
Affects pregnant women
Wear gloves gardening
Which disease is milder symptoms when it is in pregnant women?
Listeria from milk and cheese
—pregnant women get fevers and aches
Non pregnant can get meningitis and death
Leptospirosis phase 1 vs phase 2
Phase 1 is flu-like symptoms
Phase 2 is meningitis and kidney issues with liver damage
Rather than depopulating a lab colony
You can test and cull or
Rederivation of lines of the mice- cross foster or embryo transfer or cesareans
When does socialization and learning start in dogs vs Cats
Dogs: From 3-14 weeks- socialization period and sensitive period to training
Fear is within this period from 8-11 weeks- diff based on breed
Cat: From 3-9 weeks
Dog vs cat: Sexual maturity and social maturity
Dog:
Sexual- 8mo
Social 1-3yrs
Cat:
Sexual: 4-10mo
Social 2-4yrs
Hemorrhage at the base of pulmonary artery and oral cyanosis in white tailed deer is pathopnuemonic for
Hemorrhagic disease via midges
Highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza
H5 H7
