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Healthy Population > HP 1 > Flashcards

HP 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 aspects that affect global animal health

A

Socioeconomic changes
Globalization
Technological advancements

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2
Q

Global food insecurity is caused by

A

High birth rates and less resources

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3
Q

Wicked problem

A

problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because
of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize

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4
Q

role of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) in global animal health

A

Sets the standard to allow for transparency on the global animal diseases and they publish their standards for international trade in animals and animal products

Not a law making agency - no enforcement

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5
Q

Compare and contrast the roles and responsibilities of state and federal animal health officials

A

State veterinarians: disease eradication, animal health, state import requirements to cross borders, food safety, public health
Coordinate with USDA APHIS who have the national responsibility
USDA doesn’t decide import requirement!!
State public health veterinarian - for zoonotic health stuff (ie. Rabies guidelines)
state wildlife vet

Federal - USDA/APHIS
3 units: (1) field operations, (2) strategy and policy, (3) diagnostics and biologics
Prevent exotic disease entry and eradicate disease in US

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6
Q

responsibilities of the private
practitioner in the animal health framework

A

Early recognition of disease and advocate and awareness to the public
Know who to report to

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7
Q

Components of animal health framework

A
  1. People on the front lines of the animal production
  2. Veterinarians and other sources of professional
    advice
  3. Federal, state, and local animal health and public
    health agencies
  4. International collaborations among agencies
  5. Supporting institutions
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8
Q

Define disease prevention and control.

A

Prevention: Proactive approach to maintain the health of animals prior to hazard exposure.

Disease control: after disease is found. actions taken to prevent new cases of disease and detects the disease asap

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9
Q

how genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to health or disease status, using examples

A

Genetics affect the disease resistance/immunity and the genetic diversity. Affects tempermant ie bucks fight more can get bots.
Epigenetics = how the environment and the genetics interact to affect how the genes are expressed
Ie. This is by the laminitis in horses and the overweight horses

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10
Q

difference between vaccinal and pre-exposure prophylaxis, using examples

A

Pre-exposure prophylaxis’s = medicating before exposure [heartworm or pre-surgery antibiotics]
Vaccine = live or killed vaccines to give early exposure to give immune protection

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11
Q

role of environment in disease prevention

A

Can affect the stress —> this is good short term and long term it affects the homeostasis

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12
Q

Define ‘web of causation’ and give examples of how multiple factors may
interact to influence disease outcomes

A

Genetics, Environment, Immunity, Nutrition

They interact in BVD, obesity

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13
Q

Describe aspects of swine behavior that may be utilized to handle these animals in a safe and efficient manner.

A

Live in small groups
Ranking order exists in pigs - hierarchy so monitor the interaction of pigs
Prey and curious

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14
Q

normal behaviors of swine in regards to eating, sleeping, eliminating and social behavior and compare these to abnormal behaviors

A

They eat and rest/sleep where it is warm and dry
Eliminating occurs where it is cold and wet

If cold, they will pile up on each other
If comfortable, they will be lying spread out
What if too hot?
Panting, will be dirty (roll in mud), lie in cooler/wet areas

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15
Q

Swine health

A

Thin BCS and rough hair coat
Hernia
Joint swelling
Skin lesions
Orbital tightening
Ear position
Nose and cheek buldge

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16
Q

Incidence vs. Prevalence

A

Incidence is #of new cases
Prevalence is the proportion that is sick at time point

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17
Q

A specific research question needs to be

A

More specific research question: with type of exposure, outcome, population of interest, and type of control

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18
Q

Cannot show causation with what type of study

A

Only association seen with cross-sectional study

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19
Q

Sampling based on the outcome of interest and look back in time to see what the potential exposure are

A

Case-control studies

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20
Q

This study type can get the best assessment of the exposures- especially with rare exposure

A

Cohort study - it can be assumed to be causal in nature

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21
Q

Odds ratio over relative risk in what like of study

A

Case control study
An odds ratio of 3.4 is that more fearful birds are 3.5x more aggressive than non-fearful

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22
Q

Infectious disease control strategy

A

Primary strategy: Prevent new cases
—vaccinate [prevention and control]
—treatment to reduce shedding
—stop animal movement
—euthanasia

Secondary strategy: early detection
—diagnosis of cases: sensitivity and specificity of test
—isolation : separate the ill animals from healthy [diff from the quarantine]

Tertiary strategy: disease mitigation- prevent the worst outcome
— treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality
—euthanasia or mass depopulation

Biocontainment is primary or secondary strategy - PPE

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23
Q

Cleaning vs disinfection

A

Cleaning- is removal of the foriegn material and use the water and detergent - esp needed for biofilm
Disinfectant- contact time with dilution and eliminate microorganism/bacteria on inanimate objects

24
Q

Ideal way to dispose waste and carcasses with infectious disease

A

composting and landfiil prefered

Over incineration and burial

25
Q

Senses of the cattle

A

Seeing: Binocular vision; limited vertical vision
—Flight zone is bigger in beef cattle
Taste: 2-3x the tastebuds
Touch : -9F is the critical lower temperature for adult bovine
— at 77F they decrease intake to help rumen stop generating heat
—touch with the touch

26
Q

Heritability of the tempermant of the cows

A

The docility of the cow is affected by the genetics and want to be somewhere in the middle 1(scared)-6(aggressive)
— stress affects energy reserves and meat quality

27
Q

T/f Feeding them more times will NOT affect the number of times the cattle eating
T/F tempermant of a cow is heritable

A

TRUE- Feeding them more times will NOT affect the number of times the cattle eating
TRUE Docility/ tempermant of a cow is heritable

28
Q

Define allogrooming

A

It is when the cows lick each other and salt is their reward and it is to reduce tension and aggression

29
Q

5 emotional responses of small ruminants

A

Fear - environment reaction
Panic -separation anxiety
Reproduction
Care -maternal behavior
Play/Seeking - new experiences and learning

30
Q

Goats vs sheep:
Alarmed response

A

Alarmed behavior :
Goat- sneeze and line up
Sheep - stomp and snort and group up

31
Q

Biggest abnormal behavior in small ruminants [goat and sheep]

A

When they separate from flock [even if it is calving]

32
Q

Passive vs active immunity

A

Passive:
—mom to baby: colostrum and transplacental
—immune serum administration

Active
—natural infection
—vaccination - exposure of antigens to host immune system

33
Q

If you want active immunity then how early to vacccinate prior to exposure

A

Vaccinate 3 weeks before exposure event

34
Q

Overriding colostral immunity with vaccines for neonate

A

SA: after 15 weeks
LA after 6 months

35
Q

Prevalence of disease with the sensitivity and specificity and predicitive value

A

The sensitivity and specificity dont change with the prevalence of the disease
But in low prevalent situations the tests are less trustworthy for dogs that test positive ; negative tests are more believable - changes the predictive value

36
Q

As prevalence of diseases increases

A

The NPV decreases
The PPV increases

37
Q

Internal vs external validity

A

Internal validity - the results are true to the population we are studying
—not due to bias or confounding factors or random error
External Validity : can we apply the study outside to other contexts

38
Q

The null is 1 so a positive bias is higher than the true value

A

A positive bias can be away or towards the null — this means it can over or underestimate the association

39
Q

When is selection bias most likely to occur

A

Case control studies

40
Q

Misclassification bias

A

How accurately can you measure exposure and disease

41
Q

Outbreak defined

A

The occurrence of disease in an area at a level exceeding the normally expected number of case

  • one case of foot and mouth disease or anthrax, etc.
42
Q

Recognize clinical signs that are reportable when seen in
animals

A

High morbidity and mortality
Abortion storm
Vesicles
Atypical necropsy
Flies or myiasis or vectors unknown
History of travel
Respiratory condition
CNS condition

43
Q

three critical determinants after diagnosis that are important in investigating and responding to a disease outbreak

A

Where did the disease come from?
What management factors allowed it to spread
Where did it go from here?

44
Q

examples of ways to determine where disease transmission is occurring in a population and methods to disrupt
transmission

A

Isolate; determine and control the source
Potential sources of the disease need to identified : new addition to the herd, pasture or birds or vectors or water source, fomites, international travel

45
Q

how to determine which animals should be targeted for surveillance in an outbreak situation

A

In animals most susceptible and those with exposure
- wait till we can treat and kill the pathogen

46
Q

Emerging infectious disease definition

A

“An emerging infectious disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in
incidence or geographic range”
All diseases emerged at some point in time.

47
Q

Emerging infectious disease are commonly pathogen like

A

Bacteria
Majority of the EID are zoonotic

Human population density and the diversity of wildlife are big factors of the origin of EID

48
Q

Syndromic surveillance

A

Looking for syndromes that are general not a specific disease so this allows for identifying novel diseases via symptoms

49
Q

Any plan that will affect whether or not disease
exists in a population, begins with.

A

surveillance

50
Q

TRANSMISSION RATE is how fast a disease spreads

A

Transmission rate is the contact rate [between the host] times Infectivity [immune status of host and virulence]

—determines the number of cases over time

51
Q

Descriptive vs analytical epidemiological studies: how to differentiate

A

Descriptive is the collect date presented raw in a graph

Analytical studies in epidemiology illustrate an incidence or prevalence or mean with p values to see relationship between the risk and outcome

52
Q

Risk factors (host agent and environment) that affect the disease occurrence in individuals and examples

A

Who: What is the epidemiological risk triad?
Where: location and population at risk
When: time and incubation period and state of the epidemic and case count

53
Q

Drivers of emerging infectious disease

A

Poor population health
Changes in agricultural or land practices
Pathogen resistance or mutations due to antibiotic resistance
International travel
Contaminated food or water supplies

From reservoir —> into new environment—> thrive in environment [niche]—> to humans

54
Q

Purpose of surveillance

A

Different purposes of surveillance*
• Detect disease or infection
• Monitor disease trends
• Facilitate the control of disease or infection
• To support claims of freedom from disease or infection
• Provide data for use in risk analysis
• Provide data for use in rationale for sanitary measures

55
Q

Types of surveillance

A

Passive surveillance: looking for disease or syndromes that are case defined in routine checks
—Syndromic surveillance helps find EID or novel disease

Active surveillance : mass screening for existing defined disease

Hierarchical or targeted surveillance : focusing in susceptible populations or based on exposure or threat

Sentinel surveillance : active or passive health professionals that represent specific area geographically

56
Q

Does feeding cattle more times affect the amount of time spent eating?

A

No they still eat the same amount of time
— all cows should be chewing cud or ruminating when walking through

57
Q

Dairy cow vs beef drinking water

A

Diary cow: 111-185L

Beef: 20-33L

Healthy Population (4 decks)

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