HP 1 Flashcards
What are 3 aspects that affect global animal health
Socioeconomic changes
Globalization
Technological advancements
Global food insecurity is caused by
High birth rates and less resources
Wicked problem
problem that is difficult or impossible to solve because
of incomplete, contradictory, and changing requirements that are often difficult to recognize
role of the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH, formerly OIE) in global animal health
Sets the standard to allow for transparency on the global animal diseases and they publish their standards for international trade in animals and animal products
Not a law making agency - no enforcement
Compare and contrast the roles and responsibilities of state and federal animal health officials
State veterinarians: disease eradication, animal health, state import requirements to cross borders, food safety, public health
Coordinate with USDA APHIS who have the national responsibility
USDA doesn’t decide import requirement!!
State public health veterinarian - for zoonotic health stuff (ie. Rabies guidelines)
state wildlife vet
Federal - USDA/APHIS
3 units: (1) field operations, (2) strategy and policy, (3) diagnostics and biologics
Prevent exotic disease entry and eradicate disease in US
responsibilities of the private
practitioner in the animal health framework
Early recognition of disease and advocate and awareness to the public
Know who to report to
Components of animal health framework
- People on the front lines of the animal production
- Veterinarians and other sources of professional
advice - Federal, state, and local animal health and public
health agencies - International collaborations among agencies
- Supporting institutions
Define disease prevention and control.
Prevention: Proactive approach to maintain the health of animals prior to hazard exposure.
Disease control: after disease is found. actions taken to prevent new cases of disease and detects the disease asap
how genetic and epigenetic factors contribute to health or disease status, using examples
Genetics affect the disease resistance/immunity and the genetic diversity. Affects tempermant ie bucks fight more can get bots.
Epigenetics = how the environment and the genetics interact to affect how the genes are expressed
Ie. This is by the laminitis in horses and the overweight horses
difference between vaccinal and pre-exposure prophylaxis, using examples
Pre-exposure prophylaxis’s = medicating before exposure [heartworm or pre-surgery antibiotics]
Vaccine = live or killed vaccines to give early exposure to give immune protection
role of environment in disease prevention
Can affect the stress —> this is good short term and long term it affects the homeostasis
Define ‘web of causation’ and give examples of how multiple factors may
interact to influence disease outcomes
Genetics, Environment, Immunity, Nutrition
They interact in BVD, obesity
Describe aspects of swine behavior that may be utilized to handle these animals in a safe and efficient manner.
Live in small groups
Ranking order exists in pigs - hierarchy so monitor the interaction of pigs
Prey and curious
normal behaviors of swine in regards to eating, sleeping, eliminating and social behavior and compare these to abnormal behaviors
They eat and rest/sleep where it is warm and dry
Eliminating occurs where it is cold and wet
If cold, they will pile up on each other
If comfortable, they will be lying spread out
What if too hot?
Panting, will be dirty (roll in mud), lie in cooler/wet areas
Swine health
Thin BCS and rough hair coat
Hernia
Joint swelling
Skin lesions
Orbital tightening
Ear position
Nose and cheek buldge
Incidence vs. Prevalence
Incidence is #of new cases
Prevalence is the proportion that is sick at time point
A specific research question needs to be
More specific research question: with type of exposure, outcome, population of interest, and type of control
Cannot show causation with what type of study
Only association seen with cross-sectional study
Sampling based on the outcome of interest and look back in time to see what the potential exposure are
Case-control studies
This study type can get the best assessment of the exposures- especially with rare exposure
Cohort study - it can be assumed to be causal in nature
Odds ratio over relative risk in what like of study
Case control study
An odds ratio of 3.4 is that more fearful birds are 3.5x more aggressive than non-fearful
Infectious disease control strategy
Primary strategy: Prevent new cases
—vaccinate [prevention and control]
—treatment to reduce shedding
—stop animal movement
—euthanasia
Secondary strategy: early detection
—diagnosis of cases: sensitivity and specificity of test
—isolation : separate the ill animals from healthy [diff from the quarantine]
Tertiary strategy: disease mitigation- prevent the worst outcome
— treatment to reduce morbidity and mortality
—euthanasia or mass depopulation
Biocontainment is primary or secondary strategy - PPE
Cleaning vs disinfection
Cleaning- is removal of the foriegn material and use the water and detergent - esp needed for biofilm
Disinfectant- contact time with dilution and eliminate microorganism/bacteria on inanimate objects
Ideal way to dispose waste and carcasses with infectious disease
composting and landfiil prefered
Over incineration and burial
Senses of the cattle
Seeing: Binocular vision; limited vertical vision
—Flight zone is bigger in beef cattle
Taste: 2-3x the tastebuds
Touch : -9F is the critical lower temperature for adult bovine
— at 77F they decrease intake to help rumen stop generating heat
—touch with the touch
Heritability of the tempermant of the cows
The docility of the cow is affected by the genetics and want to be somewhere in the middle 1(scared)-6(aggressive)
— stress affects energy reserves and meat quality
T/f Feeding them more times will NOT affect the number of times the cattle eating
T/F tempermant of a cow is heritable
TRUE- Feeding them more times will NOT affect the number of times the cattle eating
TRUE Docility/ tempermant of a cow is heritable
Define allogrooming
It is when the cows lick each other and salt is their reward and it is to reduce tension and aggression
5 emotional responses of small ruminants
Fear - environment reaction
Panic -separation anxiety
Reproduction
Care -maternal behavior
Play/Seeking - new experiences and learning
Goats vs sheep:
Alarmed response
Alarmed behavior :
Goat- sneeze and line up
Sheep - stomp and snort and group up
Biggest abnormal behavior in small ruminants [goat and sheep]
When they separate from flock [even if it is calving]
Passive vs active immunity
Passive:
—mom to baby: colostrum and transplacental
—immune serum administration
Active
—natural infection
—vaccination - exposure of antigens to host immune system
If you want active immunity then how early to vacccinate prior to exposure
Vaccinate 3 weeks before exposure event
Overriding colostral immunity with vaccines for neonate
SA: after 15 weeks
LA after 6 months
Prevalence of disease with the sensitivity and specificity and predicitive value
The sensitivity and specificity dont change with the prevalence of the disease
But in low prevalent situations the tests are less trustworthy for dogs that test positive ; negative tests are more believable - changes the predictive value
As prevalence of diseases increases
The NPV decreases
The PPV increases
Internal vs external validity
Internal validity - the results are true to the population we are studying
—not due to bias or confounding factors or random error
External Validity : can we apply the study outside to other contexts
The null is 1 so a positive bias is higher than the true value
A positive bias can be away or towards the null — this means it can over or underestimate the association
When is selection bias most likely to occur
Case control studies
Misclassification bias
How accurately can you measure exposure and disease
Outbreak defined
The occurrence of disease in an area at a level exceeding the normally expected number of case
- one case of foot and mouth disease or anthrax, etc.
Recognize clinical signs that are reportable when seen in
animals
High morbidity and mortality
Abortion storm
Vesicles
Atypical necropsy
Flies or myiasis or vectors unknown
History of travel
Respiratory condition
CNS condition
three critical determinants after diagnosis that are important in investigating and responding to a disease outbreak
Where did the disease come from?
What management factors allowed it to spread
Where did it go from here?
examples of ways to determine where disease transmission is occurring in a population and methods to disrupt
transmission
Isolate; determine and control the source
Potential sources of the disease need to identified : new addition to the herd, pasture or birds or vectors or water source, fomites, international travel
how to determine which animals should be targeted for surveillance in an outbreak situation
In animals most susceptible and those with exposure
- wait till we can treat and kill the pathogen
Emerging infectious disease definition
“An emerging infectious disease is one that has appeared in a population for the first time, or that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in
incidence or geographic range”
All diseases emerged at some point in time.
Emerging infectious disease are commonly pathogen like
Bacteria
Majority of the EID are zoonotic
Human population density and the diversity of wildlife are big factors of the origin of EID
Syndromic surveillance
Looking for syndromes that are general not a specific disease so this allows for identifying novel diseases via symptoms
Any plan that will affect whether or not disease
exists in a population, begins with.
surveillance
TRANSMISSION RATE is how fast a disease spreads
Transmission rate is the contact rate [between the host] times Infectivity [immune status of host and virulence]
—determines the number of cases over time
Descriptive vs analytical epidemiological studies: how to differentiate
Descriptive is the collect date presented raw in a graph
Analytical studies in epidemiology illustrate an incidence or prevalence or mean with p values to see relationship between the risk and outcome
Risk factors (host agent and environment) that affect the disease occurrence in individuals and examples
Who: What is the epidemiological risk triad?
Where: location and population at risk
When: time and incubation period and state of the epidemic and case count
Drivers of emerging infectious disease
Poor population health
Changes in agricultural or land practices
Pathogen resistance or mutations due to antibiotic resistance
International travel
Contaminated food or water supplies
From reservoir —> into new environment—> thrive in environment [niche]—> to humans
Purpose of surveillance
Different purposes of surveillance*
• Detect disease or infection
• Monitor disease trends
• Facilitate the control of disease or infection
• To support claims of freedom from disease or infection
• Provide data for use in risk analysis
• Provide data for use in rationale for sanitary measures
Types of surveillance
Passive surveillance: looking for disease or syndromes that are case defined in routine checks
—Syndromic surveillance helps find EID or novel disease
Active surveillance : mass screening for existing defined disease
Hierarchical or targeted surveillance : focusing in susceptible populations or based on exposure or threat
Sentinel surveillance : active or passive health professionals that represent specific area geographically
Does feeding cattle more times affect the amount of time spent eating?
No they still eat the same amount of time
— all cows should be chewing cud or ruminating when walking through
Dairy cow vs beef drinking water
Diary cow: 111-185L
Beef: 20-33L
