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USMLE/ Step ONE > Nov 4th WEEK cards > Flashcards

Nov 4th WEEK cards Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Origins of tongue muscles, and anterior 2/3, and posterior 1/3

A

Muscles from occipital myotomes

Ant 2/3: 1st brachial arch

Post 1/3: 3rd & 4th archs

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2
Q

Benign childhood tumor, confused w/ pituitary adenoma.
Can cause bitemporal hemianopia.
Most common childhood supratentorial tumor.

A

Craniopharyngioma

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3
Q

What is origin of craniopharyngioma? What is it made of?

A

Ectoderm. Derived from remnant of Rathke’s pouch.

Calcified (sometimes like tooth enamal) and cholesterol crystal

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4
Q

For BCL-2, what disease associated?
What is Fx?
What is translocation?

A

Follicular lymphoma

t(14,18) translocation

Fx: A protooncogene; makes anti-apoptosis

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5
Q

How does pyruvate kinase deficiency cause splenomegally?

A

PK part of glycolysis. IF glycolysis deficient, RBCs die and broken down by spleen. Spleen can become overworked and enlarge (work hypertrophy)

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6
Q

erythroid precursor cells in liver & spleen indicative of what? How would Bones present?

A

Extramedullary hematopoiesis. Caused by severe hemolytic anemia (i.e. thalassemia)

Extra. hem. can cause skeletal problems. Progenitor cells expand in BM thinning cortex. Children can have “chipmunk facies”, frontal expansion

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7
Q

Characteristics of Kartagener’s syndrome?

A

Infertility
chronic respiratory infections
Situs inversus (major organs on opposite side)

aka Immotile cilia syndrome

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8
Q

Which cell expresses S-100 (neural crest origin) & CD1a?

Also has birbeck granules that look like “tennis rackets”?

A

Langerhan cells, a dendritic cell in skin and mucous membranes.

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9
Q

In skin, what varies in number between a tan’d & pale person?

A

Same number of melanocytes. Darker person has more melanin made.

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10
Q

What is the FF?

A

GFR/RPF

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11
Q

After vasectomy, how long must a patient use birth control?

A

patients can still have viable sperm for 3 months & at least 20 ejaculations

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12
Q

What are first line anti -HTN drugs?

A

Thiazide diuretics

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13
Q

What is tested for early screening of diabetic nephropathy? What is associated disease with susbtance?

A

Albumin, to test for Microalbuminuria

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14
Q

inherited disorder of blood vessels.

Findings: Telangiectasia, recurrent epistaxis, skin discolorations, & arteriovenous malformations

A

Osler-Weber-Rendy syndrome

aka: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangictasia

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15
Q

What is Telangiectasia?

A

spider veins) are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, They can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin

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16
Q

How does Salmonella typhi present?

A

-W typhoid fever
red spot “rose spots” on abdomen
escalating fever
-initial diarrhea, followed by hepatosplenomegaly

17
Q

What regions at risk for Typhoid fever?

A

Asia
Africa
Latina America

patients from West travelling her is a possible clue

18
Q

how does bowel mucosa look in lastase deficiency?

A

Normal

19
Q

Marked atrophy of intestinal villi seen in..?

A

Celiac disease

20
Q

Distended macrophages in intestinal lamina propria would be seen in what disease?

A

Whipple disease

21
Q

How does Ulcerative colitis seen in GI histo?

A

neutrophils w/n crypt lumina

22
Q

Effects of activating PPAR-gamma?

A
  • Decreased insulin resistance, increased insulin receptor substrate
  • increase Glut-4
  • increase FA transport protein
  • increase Adiponectin
23
Q

List cofactors needed by:
branched chain alpha ketoacid DH (B1),
pyruvate DH,
& alpha-ketoglutarate DH

A

Tender Loving Care For Nancy

Thiamine, Pyrophosphate, Lipoate, Coenzyme A, FAD, NAD

24
Q

How to improve MSUD?

A

lifelong dietary restrictions, and give high dose of THIAMINE (Tender Loving Care for Nancy)

25
Q

How does MSUD present?

A

Infant w/ defective breakdown of branched amino acids due to decrease alpha-ketoacid DH (B1)

Piss smells like maple syrup, or burned sugar

26
Q

What are the branched chain amino acids?

A

Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine

27
Q

What are anicteric infections?

A

Silent, subclinical

28
Q

What is Fx of Theca interna, externa, granulsa cells

A

Theca externa- connective support structure (SM & fibroblasts)
Theca interna- makes Androgen & Progesteron
Granulosa- converted androgen to estradiol via enzyme aromatase

29
Q

E. coli virulence factors?

A

P. fimbriae (i.e. bind to uroepithelial cells -> UTI), cytitis, pyelonephritis

K capsule- pneumonia, neonatal menigitis

LPS endotoxin- septic shock

30
Q

Describe scarlet fever Sx. Cause?

A

G.A.S. that makes pyrogenic exotoxins

Sx: pharyngitis, sand-paper like rash (on neck, armpit, groin, then body), circumoral pallor, strawberry tongue (inflammed papillae)

31
Q

Fracture at the Pterion can rupture what blood vessel? What is it a branch of? What can it cause?

A

Middle meningeal artery (branch of Maxillary)

can cause epidural hematoma

32
Q

How to treat DVT in pregnancy? If not pregnant?

A

Heparin

If not pregnant: Warfarin (C/I in pregnancy)

33
Q

Sign of DVT?

A

unilateral leg pain, swelling,, warmth

Homan’s sign: calf is tender on dorsiflexion

34
Q

treatment for Graves opthalmopathy

A

high-dose glucocorticoids (like prednisone)

35
Q

Positive “whiff test” of fishy odor on addition of KOH to vaginal discharge.

Also, clue cells on saline wet mount seen

A

Bacterial vaginosis

36
Q

Woman has yellow-green foamy, foul-smelling discharge. Motile trophozoites w/ flagella seen on slide.

A

Trichomonas

37
Q

How do you reverse warfarin effects?

A

Fresh Frozen plasma & Vit. K

FFP worst MUCH MUCH faster though

38
Q

acute, painless, monocular vision loss. Pale retina, cherry-red macula.

A

Central retinal artery occlusion

39
Q

causes of cherry-red macula

A

Tay-sachs
Nieman Pick
Central retinal artery occlusion

USMLE/ Step ONE (11 decks)

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