Nov 4th WEEK cards Flashcards
Origins of tongue muscles, and anterior 2/3, and posterior 1/3
Muscles from occipital myotomes
Ant 2/3: 1st brachial arch
Post 1/3: 3rd & 4th archs
Benign childhood tumor, confused w/ pituitary adenoma.
Can cause bitemporal hemianopia.
Most common childhood supratentorial tumor.
Craniopharyngioma
What is origin of craniopharyngioma? What is it made of?
Ectoderm. Derived from remnant of Rathke’s pouch.
Calcified (sometimes like tooth enamal) and cholesterol crystal
For BCL-2, what disease associated?
What is Fx?
What is translocation?
Follicular lymphoma
t(14,18) translocation
Fx: A protooncogene; makes anti-apoptosis
How does pyruvate kinase deficiency cause splenomegally?
PK part of glycolysis. IF glycolysis deficient, RBCs die and broken down by spleen. Spleen can become overworked and enlarge (work hypertrophy)
erythroid precursor cells in liver & spleen indicative of what? How would Bones present?
Extramedullary hematopoiesis. Caused by severe hemolytic anemia (i.e. thalassemia)
Extra. hem. can cause skeletal problems. Progenitor cells expand in BM thinning cortex. Children can have “chipmunk facies”, frontal expansion
Characteristics of Kartagener’s syndrome?
Infertility
chronic respiratory infections
Situs inversus (major organs on opposite side)
aka Immotile cilia syndrome
Which cell expresses S-100 (neural crest origin) & CD1a?
Also has birbeck granules that look like “tennis rackets”?
Langerhan cells, a dendritic cell in skin and mucous membranes.
In skin, what varies in number between a tan’d & pale person?
Same number of melanocytes. Darker person has more melanin made.
What is the FF?
GFR/RPF
After vasectomy, how long must a patient use birth control?
patients can still have viable sperm for 3 months & at least 20 ejaculations
What are first line anti -HTN drugs?
Thiazide diuretics
What is tested for early screening of diabetic nephropathy? What is associated disease with susbtance?
Albumin, to test for Microalbuminuria
inherited disorder of blood vessels.
Findings: Telangiectasia, recurrent epistaxis, skin discolorations, & arteriovenous malformations
Osler-Weber-Rendy syndrome
aka: Hereditary hemorrhagic telangictasia
What is Telangiectasia?
spider veins) are small dilated blood vessels near the surface of the skin or mucous membranes, They can develop anywhere on the body but are commonly seen on the face around the nose, cheeks, and chin
How does Salmonella typhi present?
-W typhoid fever
red spot “rose spots” on abdomen
escalating fever
-initial diarrhea, followed by hepatosplenomegaly
What regions at risk for Typhoid fever?
Asia
Africa
Latina America
patients from West travelling her is a possible clue
how does bowel mucosa look in lastase deficiency?
Normal
Marked atrophy of intestinal villi seen in..?
Celiac disease
Distended macrophages in intestinal lamina propria would be seen in what disease?
Whipple disease
How does Ulcerative colitis seen in GI histo?
neutrophils w/n crypt lumina
Effects of activating PPAR-gamma?
- Decreased insulin resistance, increased insulin receptor substrate
- increase Glut-4
- increase FA transport protein
- increase Adiponectin
List cofactors needed by:
branched chain alpha ketoacid DH (B1),
pyruvate DH,
& alpha-ketoglutarate DH
Tender Loving Care For Nancy
Thiamine, Pyrophosphate, Lipoate, Coenzyme A, FAD, NAD
How to improve MSUD?
lifelong dietary restrictions, and give high dose of THIAMINE (Tender Loving Care for Nancy)
How does MSUD present?
Infant w/ defective breakdown of branched amino acids due to decrease alpha-ketoacid DH (B1)
Piss smells like maple syrup, or burned sugar
What are the branched chain amino acids?
Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine
What are anicteric infections?
Silent, subclinical
What is Fx of Theca interna, externa, granulsa cells
Theca externa- connective support structure (SM & fibroblasts)
Theca interna- makes Androgen & Progesteron
Granulosa- converted androgen to estradiol via enzyme aromatase
E. coli virulence factors?
P. fimbriae (i.e. bind to uroepithelial cells -> UTI), cytitis, pyelonephritis
K capsule- pneumonia, neonatal menigitis
LPS endotoxin- septic shock
Describe scarlet fever Sx. Cause?
G.A.S. that makes pyrogenic exotoxins
Sx: pharyngitis, sand-paper like rash (on neck, armpit, groin, then body), circumoral pallor, strawberry tongue (inflammed papillae)
Fracture at the Pterion can rupture what blood vessel? What is it a branch of? What can it cause?
Middle meningeal artery (branch of Maxillary)
can cause epidural hematoma
How to treat DVT in pregnancy? If not pregnant?
Heparin
If not pregnant: Warfarin (C/I in pregnancy)
Sign of DVT?
unilateral leg pain, swelling,, warmth
Homan’s sign: calf is tender on dorsiflexion
treatment for Graves opthalmopathy
high-dose glucocorticoids (like prednisone)
Positive “whiff test” of fishy odor on addition of KOH to vaginal discharge.
Also, clue cells on saline wet mount seen
Bacterial vaginosis
Woman has yellow-green foamy, foul-smelling discharge. Motile trophozoites w/ flagella seen on slide.
Trichomonas
How do you reverse warfarin effects?
Fresh Frozen plasma & Vit. K
FFP worst MUCH MUCH faster though
acute, painless, monocular vision loss. Pale retina, cherry-red macula.
Central retinal artery occlusion
causes of cherry-red macula
Tay-sachs
Nieman Pick
Central retinal artery occlusion
