Nov 26 Flashcards
What period is referred to as the Enlightenment?
The period by the end of the 17th century and for the next several decades.
Which two thinkers are examples of Enlightenment thinkers?
Hobbes and John Locke.
Where does political power come from according to Enlightenment thinkers?
From the collective of people who agree to give others political power.
What significant revolutions were influenced by Enlightenment ideas?
The French Revolution and the American Revolution.
What was the title of Immanuel Kant’s 1784 article?
What is Enlightenment?
What does Kant propose regarding authority?
Authority isn’t to be questioned blindly.
What does Kant encourage individuals to do?
Have the courage to think for themselves and to question authority.
In Kant’s view, what does maturity mean?
A person should be able to ask questions about everything.
What concept does Kant support related to education?
The cultivated mind and the public use of one’s reason.
Who refined the modern scientific method during the Enlightenment?
Francis Bacon.
Which scientist advanced scientific inquiry in mathematics, optics, and physics?
Isaac Newton.
What was a major feature of the culture of the Ottoman Empire during the Enlightenment?
Advances in maths and astronomy.
What philosophical idea is associated with the Enlightenment in terms of social, political, and economic questioning?
Epicureanism.
Name two notable British empiricists from the Scottish Enlightenment.
David Hume and Adam Smith.
What did Hume’s ‘Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’ confirm?
People should learn factual truths.
What is the title of Adam Smith’s influential work published in 1776?
The Wealth of Nations.
Who is known as a continental rationalist during the Enlightenment?
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
What did Voltaire critique in his works?
Leibniz and his religious optimism.
What is the title of Mary Wollstonecraft’s book published in 1792?
Vindication of the Rights of Woman.
What argument does Wollstonecraft make in her book?
Women are held back from positions due to men embargoing those positions.
Which writers criticized the class system in modern capitalism?
Henri de Saint-Simon and Charles Fourier.
What role did Frederick II play during the Enlightenment?
He was an enlightened despot who introduced major reforms.
What is captured in Thomas Paine’s famous opening line from ‘The American Crisis’?
A general sense of grievance and of liberties abused.
Fill in the blank: The Enlightenment is characterized by new ideas of rational _______.
secular thinking.
True or False: Enlightenment thinkers believed that political power originated from divine right.
False.
