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Anatomy 2 > Nov 18 - Abdomen II: Abdominal Viscera > Flashcards

Nov 18 - Abdomen II: Abdominal Viscera Flashcards

1
Q

What does the gastrointestinal tract (GI) consist of (for the purposes of this section)?

A

The esophagus, the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine (colon). Sometimes the term GI is used to refer to all structures from mouth to anus

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2
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Long, muscular tube that carries food from the oral cavity to the stomach (peristalsis). It extends through the posterior mediastinum, and passes through the diaphragm (at T10) to reach the stomach

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3
Q

Where is the stomach?

A

It is located in the left hypochondriac and epigastric regions

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4
Q

Name the parts of the stomach

A

The cardia, the fundus, the cardiac notch, the body, the pyloric antrum, the pyloric canal

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5
Q

Describe the cardia

A

It is the area surrounding the opening of the esophagus

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6
Q

Describe the fundus

A

It is located beneath the left dome of the diaphragm (above the cardia) and it is usually filled with air

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7
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

The angle between the esophagus and fundus

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8
Q

Describe the body of the stomach

A

It is located between the fundus and the pyloric antrum

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9
Q

Describe the pyloric antrum

A

It is the funnel shaped region of the stomach between the body and pyloric canal

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10
Q

Describe the pyloric canal

A

It’s narrower than the antrum, contains the pyloric sphincter aka pylorus

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11
Q

What happens if the cardiac notch becomes larger?

A

The closer mechanism becomes much weaker (reflux)

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12
Q

Describe the internal structure of the stomach

A

It is highly ridged. These mucosal folds are called rugae

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13
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

It is a thick band of muscle that controls the passage of stomach contents into the duodenum. It can be compromised during surgery

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14
Q

What is the pH of the stomach?

A

Between 2 and 3

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15
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

It is the main site of nutrient absorption. It is approximately 7 metres in length in an adult. The small intestine consists of the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum

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16
Q

Describe the duodenum

A

It’s about 25 cm in length and divided into four parts: the superior, descending, horizontal and ascending duodenum

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17
Q

Describe the superior duodenum

A

It lies anterolateral to the body of the L1 vertebra

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18
Q

Describe the descending duodenum

A

It descends along the right side of the L1-L3 vertebrae. It is the location of the major duodenal papilla, entrance of the bile duct and the pancreatic duct

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19
Q

Describe the horizontal duodenum

A

It crosses the L3 vertebrae

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20
Q

Describe the ascending duodenum

A

It begins at the left of the L3 vertebrae, ascending to the superior border of the L2 vertebrae

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21
Q

Describe the jejunum and ileum

A

They are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery, very mobile. There is no distinct border between the jejunum and the ileum. Generally the jejunum is found in the left upper quadrant, ileum in the right lower quadrant

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22
Q

Jejunum and ileum differences: colour

A

Jejunum is deeper red and ileum is pale pink

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23
Q

Jejunum and ileum differences: wall thickness

A

Jejunum: thick
Ileum: thin

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24
Q

Jejunum and ileum differences: vascularity

A

Jejunum: more vascular
Ileum: less vascular

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25
Jejunum and ileum differences: vasa recta (blood vessels in mesentery)
Jejunum: long Ileum: short
26
Jejunum and ileum differences: arcades (also blood vessels in mesentery)
Jejunum: a few large loops Ileum: lots of short loops
27
Jejunum and ileum differences: fat in mesentery
Jejunum: less Ileum: more
28
Jejunum and ileum differences: plicae circulares (internal circular folds)
Jejunum: lots of prominent folds, tightly bunched Ileum: sparse, absent in the distal part of the ileum
29
Jejunum and ileum differences: Peyer's patches (lymphoid nodules)
Jejunum: few Ileum: many
30
Describe the large intestine
It extends from the ileocecal junction to the anus - 1.5 m long. It consists of the cecum, ascending, transverse, descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and anal canal. It re-absorbs water and electrolytes
31
Describe the left colic flexure
Aka the splenic flexure. It's a watershed region; it receives blood supply from the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
32
Name three distinguishing features of the large intestine
Teniae coli, the haustra and the epiploic appendages
33
What are the teniae coli?
3 longitudinal bands of muscle
34
What are haustra?
Sacculations found along the length of the large intestine. They are formed by the action of the teniae coli (like elastic band on sweatpants). They are dependant on the peristalsis.
35
What are epiploic appendages
Small peritoneal pouches filled with fat
36
What is the cecum?
The first part of the large intestine. It is continuous with the ascending colon. It's the point where the ileum meets the large intestine
37
What is the vermiform appendix
It is a blind-ended tube (worm shaped). It's usually found posterior to the cecum (retrocecal). There is not true function; it's the site of appendicitis
38
What is the liver?
It's the largest solid organ in the body, and also the most vascularized
39
What are the functions of the liver?
Major metabolic organ (fats, proteins and carbohydrates) Glycogen synthesis and storage Production of bile (fat digestion) Detoxification of blood (excretion of bilirubin, metabolism of alcohol and other drugs)
40
Name the four lobes of the liver
The right and left lobes, the quadrate lobe (next to the gallbladder and the caudate lobe (next to the inferior vena cava)
41
What is the liver covered with?
Visceral peritoneal
42
What is the inferior part of the falciform ligament?
A duct system important to foetuses
43
Describe bile production
Bile is produced in the liver and is secreted into the common hepatic duct. The gallbladder stores and concentrates the bile
44
What happens when the gallbladder contracts?
It expels bile through the cystic duct, and into the common bile duct and it enters the duodenum where it helps emulsify fats
45
What is the pancreas?
Flat, leaf-shaped gland. It is retroperitoneal. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions
46
Describe the endocrine function of the pancreas
It produces hormones that regulate blood sugar - insuline and glucagon
47
Describe the exocrine function of the pancreas
It produces digestive enzymes - trypsin, chymotrypsin (aka, pancreatic juice)
48
What is the pancreatic duct?
It collects the digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas and secretes them into the duodenum. The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct meet and open into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla
49
Where is the spleen?
It is located in the far upper left quadrant of the abdomen, right against the diaphragm, shielded by the ribs
50
What are the functions of the spleen?
Lymphatic organ - filters blood to remove old erythrocytes Immune organ - contains B and T lymphocytes Stores about 230 ml of blood
51
What happens if you remove the spleen?
The liver will take over most of the duties
52
Name the three unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies the abdominal viscera
The celiac trunk, the superior and inferior mesenteric artery
53
What organs are supplied by the celiac trunk?
The stomach, the spleen, the liver, the pancreas, and part of the duodenum
54
What organs are supplied by the superior mesenteric artery?
The remainder of the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum, the cecum and appendix, the ascending colon, part of the transverse colon
55
What organs are supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery?
The remainder of the transverse colon, the descending colon, the sigmoid colon and the rectum
56
Name the main branches of the celiac trunk
The left gastric artery, the splenic artery, the common hepatic artery
57
What does the left gastric artery supply?
The lesser curvature of the stomach
58
What does the splenic artery supply?
The spleen
59
Name a branch of the splenic artery. What does it supply?
The left gastro-omental artery; it supplies the greater curvature of the stomach
60
Name the 2 branches of the common hepatic artery
The hepatic artery proper and the gastroduodenal artery
61
What does the hepatic artery proper supply?
The liver
62
Name a branch of the hepatic artery proper. What does it supply?
The right gastric artery; it supplies the the lesser curvature of the stomach
63
Name the branches of the gastroduodenal
The right gastro-omental and superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries
64
What does the right gastro-omental artery supply?
The greater curvature of the stomach
65
What does the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?
The pancreas and the duodenum
66
Name the branches of the superior mesenteric artery within the small intestine
The inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, the jejunal and ileal arteries and the vasa recta
67
What does the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supply?
It supplies the pancreas and the duodenum (distal to the duodenal papilla)
68
Describe the jejunal and ileal arteries
They form arcades (loops) within the mesentery
69
Describe the vasa recta
Straight arteries that enter the intestinal wall
70
Name the branches of the superior mesenteric artery within the large intestine
Ileocolic artery, the right colic artery and the middle colic artery
71
What does the ileocolic artery supply?
The distal ileum, the cecum, the appendix, the ascending colon
72
What does the right colic artery supply?
The ascending colon
73
What does the middle colic artery supply?
The 2/3 of the transverse colon
74
Name the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery
The left colic artery, the sigmoid arteries, the superior rectal artery
75
What does the left colic artery supply?
The remaining 1/3 of the transverse colon and the descending colon
76
What do the sigmoid arteries supply?
The descending colon and the sigmoid colon
77
What does the superior rectal artery supply?
The rectum
78
What is the hepatic portal vein?
Large vein (8 cm long), formed by the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins
79
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
It drains blood from the unpaired abdominal organs and conveys it to the liver for processing of nutrients and removal of toxins
80
Name the organs that eventually drain into the hepatic portal vein
The stomach, the spleen, the pancreas, the gallbladder, the small intestine and the large intestine

Anatomy 2 (6 decks)

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