Noun Flashcards
(198 cards)
1
Q
The driveway was covered with concrete PAVING.
A
paving /ˈpeɪvɪŋ/ the stones or material that are used to make a flat surface on the ground
2
Q
He pushed against the rock with all his STRENGTH.
A
strength /streŋθ/ the quality of being physically strong
3
Q
Let’s sit in the back ROW.
A
row /rəʊ/ a number of people standing or sitting next to each other in a line; a number of objects arranged in a line. a line of seats in a cinema/movie theater, etc.
4
Q
The walls and CEILING were painted white.
A
ceiling /ˈsiːlɪŋ/ the top inside surface of a room
5
Q
Remove dead leaves to encourage new GROWTH.
A
growth /ɡrəʊθ/ the process of growing physically, mentally or emotionally
6
Q
St Patrick’s Day PARADE in New York
A
parade /pəˈreɪd/ a public celebration of a special day or event, usually with bands in the streets and decorated vehicles
7
Q
Which SWITCH do I press to turn it off?
A
switch /swɪtʃ/ a small device that you press or move up and down in order to turn a light or piece of electrical equipment on and off
8
Q
Police are investigating the THEFT of computers from the company’s offices.
A
theft /θeft/ theft (of something) the crime of stealing something from a person or place
9
Q
We have to make a small CHARGE for refreshments.
A
charge /tʃɑːdʒ/ charge (for something) the amount of money that somebody asks for goods and services
10
Q
There is no entrance FEE to the gallery.
A
fee /fiː/ an amount of money that you pay for professional advice or services
11
Q
She never COMPLAINS, but she’s obviously exhausted.
A
complain /kəmˈpleɪn/ to say that you are annoyed, unhappy or not satisfied about somebody/something. –‘How are you?’ ‘Oh, I can’t complain (= I’m all right).’
12
Q
The SIGNAGE at this exit is very confusing.
A
signage /ˈsaɪnɪdʒ/ signs, especially ones that give instructions or directions to the public
13
Q
The school pays for heating and the MAINTENANCE of the buildings.
A
maintenance /ˈmeɪntənəns/ the act of keeping something in good condition by checking or repairing it regularly –car maintenance
14
Q
The storm didn’t do much DAMAGE.
A
damage /ˈdæmɪdʒ/ physical harm caused to something which makes it less attractive, useful or valuable –I insist on paying for the damage.
15
Q
The trip was cancelled through LACK of (= because there was not enough) interest.
A
lack /læk/ the state of not having something or not having enough of something –a lack of food/money/skills
16
Q
children learning ADDITION and subtraction
A
addition /əˈdɪʃn/ the process of adding two or more numbers together to find their total. – an addition to the family (= another child)
17
Q
The hotel offers a wide RANGE of facilities.
A
range /reɪndʒ/ a variety of things of a particular type –There is a full range of activities for children. –Most of the students are in the 17–20 age range.
18
Q
a weather CHART.
A
chart /tʃɑːt/ a page or sheet of information in the form of diagrams, lists of figures, etc. –to top the charts
19
Q
Have you changed the SHEETS (= put clean sheets on the bed)?
A
sheet /ʃiːt/ a large piece of thin cloth used on a bed to lie on or lie under. –He slid between the sheets and closed his eyes. –a sheet of A4
20
Q
He was nominated for the best actor AWARD.
A
award /əˈwɔːd/ a prize such as money, etc. for something that somebody has done. –an award presentation/ceremony
21
Q
She is taking a DIPLOMA in management studies.
A
diploma /dɪˈpləʊmə/ a course of study at a college or university. –a High School diploma
22
Q
a TROPHY cabinet
A
trophy /ˈtrəʊfi/ an object such as a silver cup that is given as a prize for winning a competition
23
Q
We paid for the car by/in INSTALMENTS.
A
instalment /ɪnˈstɔːlmənt/ one of a number of payments that are made regularly over a period of time until something has been paid for –The loan can be repaid in 24 monthly instalments.
24
Q
bank LOANS with low interest rates
A
loan /ləʊn/ money that an organization such as a bank lends and somebody borrows. –It took three years to repay my student loan –a car loan
25
This is a big ISSUE; we need more time to think about it.
issue /ˈɪʃuː/ an important topic that people are discussing or arguing about --You're just avoiding the issue.
26
a government INITIATIVE to combat unemployment
initiative /ɪˈnɪʃətɪv/ a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose --You won't get much help. You'll have to use your initiative.
27
I'm glad you offered—it saved me the EMBARRASSMENT of having to ask.
embarrassment /ɪmˈbærəsmənt/ shy, awkward or guilty feelings; a feeling of being embarrassed. --I nearly died of embarrassment when he said that.
28
He made a rude GESTURE at the driver of the other car.
gesture /ˈdʒestʃə(r)/ a movement that you make with your hands, your head or your face to show a particular meaning. --She finished what she had to say with a gesture of despair.
29
the exploitation of minerals and other natural RESOURCES.
resource /rɪˈsɔːs/ a supply of something that a country, an organization or a person has and can use, especially to increase their wealth. --We must make the most efficient use of the available financial resources.
30
I asked for a STRAW to drink my iced coffee.
straw /strɔː/ (noun)
🥤 1. A thin tube used for sucking drinks
• Example: She sipped her juice through a paper straw.
🌾 2. The dry stems of cereal plants, like wheat or barley
• Example: The animals were lying on straw in the barn.
⸻
🐪 🔹 Idiomatic expression: “the last straw”
The last small problem that makes a situation unbearable
• Example: When he forgot my birthday, it was the last straw.
⸻
• Synonyms: stalk (for plants), tube (for drinks), final blow (in idiom)
• Antonyms: support, comfort (idiom context)
📝 Nota de uso:
“Straw” é usado tanto de forma física quanto em expressões populares.
➡️ “The straw that broke the camel’s back” = a gota d’água.
31
Now it´s filling space in my WARDROBE.
wardrobe /ˈwɔːdrəʊb/ a large cupboard for hanging clothes in which is either a piece of furniture or (in British English) built into the wall --everything you need for your summer wardrobe
32
There has been a spate of ROBBERIES in the area recently.
robbery /ˈrɒbəri/ the crime of stealing money or goods from a bank, shop/store, person, etc., especially using violence or threats. --armed robbery (= using a gun, knife, etc.)
33
He held the knife to her THROAT.
throat /θrəʊt/ a passage in the neck through which food and air pass on their way into the body; the front part of the neck. --a sore throat
34
Some movies have been banned on the BASIS that they are too violent.
basis /ˈbeɪ.sɪs/ (noun)
🧱 1. The foundation or reason for something
• Example: Decisions are made on the basis of evidence.
📅 2. A specific frequency or schedule of something
• Example: He checks his emails on a daily basis.
⸻
• Synonyms: foundation, reason, grounds, system, schedule
• Antonyms: exception, randomness, lack of structure
📝 Nota de uso:
• Muito usada com expressões como:
✅ on a daily/weekly/monthly basis
✅ on the basis of facts/trust/love/etc.
➡️ “On a regular basis” = com regularidade
➡️ “On the basis of merit” = com base no mérito
35
the CLIFF edge/top
cliff /klɪf/ a high area of rock with a very steep side, often at the edge of the sea or ocean --the cliff edge/top
36
The CHALK cliffs of southern England
chalk /tʃɔːk/ a type of soft white stone
37
Don't put that glass so near the EDGE of the table.
edge /edʒ/ the outside limit of an object, a surface or an area; the part furthest from the centre. --He stood on the edge of the cliff. --I sat down at the water's edge.
38
fighter/transport/military AIRCRAFT
aircraft /ˈeəkrɑːft/ any vehicle that can fly and carry goods or passengers.
39
The wildlife in the region is facing serious THREATS from illegal hunting.
Palavra: threat /θret/
🔹 Classe gramatical: noun (substantivo)
🔹 Definição (em inglês):
A statement or situation that suggests harm, danger, or negative consequences to someone or something.
🔹 Exemplo extra:
Climate change is one of the biggest threats to our planet.
🔹 Sinônimos: danger, risk, hazard, menace
🔹 Antônimos: safety, protection, security, defense
40
the Amazon RAINFOREST
rainforest /ˈreɪnfɒrɪst/ a thick forest in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain
41
Cut the meat into thin SLICES.
slice /slaɪs/ a thin flat piece of food that has been cut off a larger piece --a gin and tonic with a slice of lemon
42
The building is part of our national HERITAGE.
heritage /ˈherɪtɪdʒ/
the history, traditions and qualities that a country or society has had for many years and that are considered an important part of its character
--Spain’s rich cultural heritage
43
the commercial HUB of the city
hub /hʌb/ the central and most important part of a particular place or activity. --The kitchen was the hub of family life. --to be at the hub of things
44
We sat down in the SHADE of the wall.
shade /ʃeɪd/
an area that is dark and cool under or behind something, for example a tree or building, because the sun’s light does not get to it.
-- The trees provide shade for the animals in the summer.
45
a PEARL necklace
pearl /pɜːl/ a small hard shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of an oyster and is of great value as a jewel --She was wearing her pearls (= a necklace of pearls).
46
He wrapped the package in brown paper and tied it with STRING.
string /strɪŋ/ material made of several threads twisted together, used for tying things together; a piece of string used to fasten or pull something or keep something in place --The key is hanging on a string by the door.
47
She carried a BUNDLE of clothes and told the kids to BUNDLE UP before going outside.
bundle /ˈbʌn.dəl/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) a collection of things fastened or wrapped together
• Example: He arrived carrying a bundle of newspapers.
2. (verb – to bundle up) to wrap or dress warmly, especially in many layers
• Example: You should bundle up; it’s freezing outside.
3. (noun – informal) a large amount of money
• Example: She made a bundle selling handmade jewelry.
• Synonyms:
• (noun): package, parcel, collection
• (verb): wrap up, dress warmly
• Antonyms:
• (verb): uncover, unwrap
48
I lent her my Bob Marley TAPES.
tape /teɪp/ a long narrow strip of magnetic material that is used for recording sounds, pictures or information
49
Follow the PATH through the woods.
path /pɑːθ/ a way or track that is built or is made by the action of people walking --to walk along a path
50
He died a slow and painful DEATH.
death /deθ/ the fact of somebody dying or being killed. -- an increase in deaths from cancer -- the anniversary of his wife’s death
51
She climbed the tree and hid in the BRANCHES.
branch /brɑːntʃ/ a part of a tree that grows out from the main stem and on which leaves, flowers and fruit grow.
52
Try adjusting your GRIP on the racket.
grip /ɡrɪp/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) A firm hold or control on something
• Example: She tightened her grip on the steering wheel.
2. (noun) Control or strong influence
• Example: The country is in the grip of a heatwave.
3. (verb) To take or hold something tightly
• Example: He gripped my arm to keep me from falling.
• Synonyms: grasp, hold, clutch, control
• Antonyms: release, drop, let go, loosen
53
The ROPE broke and she fell 50 metres onto the rocks.
rope /rəʊp/ very strong thick string made by twisting thinner strings, wires, etc. together. -- We tied his hands together with rope.
54
We feared that an ADVANCE on the capital would soon follow.
advance /ədˈvɑːns/ the forward movement of a group of people, especially armed forces -- enemy advances
55
a crown studded with GEMS.
gem /dʒem/ a precious stone that has been cut and polished and is used in jewellery. -- This picture is the gem (= the best) of the collection. -- She's a real gem!
56
crown
crown /kraʊn/ an object in the shape of a circle, usually made of gold and precious stones, that a king or queen wears on his or her head on official occasions
57
a MASS of snow and rocks falling down the mountain
mass /mæs/ a large amount of a substance that does not have a definite shape or form -- The sky was full of dark masses of clouds.
58
a muddy TRACK through the forest
track /træk/ a rough path or road, usually one that has not been built but that has been made by people walking there -- We followed the bear's tracks in the snow.
59
The car wheels got stuck in the MUD.
mud /mʌd/ wet earth that is soft and sticky -- our boots are covered in mud.
60
The workers wear masks to avoid inhaling the DUST.
dust /dʌst/ a fine powder that consists of very small pieces of sand, earth, etc. -- A cloud of dust rose as the truck drove off.
61
She nodded her HEAD in agreement.
head /hed/
the part of the body on top of the neck containing the eyes, nose, mouth and brain
-- The driver suffered head injuries.
62
the GULF of Mexico
gulf /ɡʌlf/ a large area of sea that is partly surrounded by land
63
He caught a GLIMPSE of her in the crowd.
glimpse /ɡlɪmps/ a look at somebody/something for a very short time, when you do not see the person or thing completely -- Fans crowded the street outside waiting for a glimpse of their hero.
64
He lost a lot of money after falling for an online SCAM.
scam /skæm/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) a dishonest plan to cheat people out of money or personal information
• Example: That message about winning the lottery was clearly a scam.
2. (verb) to deceive someone, especially to get money
• Example: They tried to scam her by pretending to be from the bank.
• Synonyms: fraud, trick, con
• Antonyms: honesty, truth, legitimacy
65
to have adequate INSURANCE cover
insurance /ɪnˈʃʊərəns/ an arrangement with a company in which you pay them regular amounts of money and they agree to pay the costs, for example, if you die or are ill/sick, or if you lose or damage something. -- life/car/travel/household, etc. insurance
66
She went to London with the AIM of finding a job.
aim /eɪm/ the purpose of doing something; what somebody is trying to achieve -- Our main aim is to increase sales in Europe.
67
He gave me a HINT about the surprise party, but I didn’t get it.
hint /hɪnt/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) a small piece of advice or information that helps you guess or understand something
• Example: She gave me a hint about the answer to the riddle.
2. (noun) a very small amount or sign of something
• Example: There was a hint of sadness in his voice.
3. (verb) to suggest something indirectly
• Example: He hinted that he wanted to leave early.
⸻
• Synonyms: clue, suggestion, trace, indication
• Antonyms: statement, declaration, proof
📝 Expressões comuns:
• drop a hint = dar uma dica sutil
• a hint of flavor/smoke/emotion = um toque de…
68
She impressed everyone with her quick WIT during the conversation.
wit /wɪt/ (noun)
1. The ability to say clever or funny things quickly
• Example: His wit always made people laugh during meetings.
2. Intelligence and mental sharpness
• Example: She used her wit to solve the problem under pressure.
3. (old-fashioned/plural: “wits”) Mental alertness or sanity
• Example: He had to use his wits to escape the situation.
• Synonyms: cleverness, humor, sharpness
• Antonyms: dullness, seriousness, foolishness
69
lettuce/cabbage/oak LEAVES
leaf /liːf/ a flat green part of a plant, growing from a stem or branch or from the root -- The trees are just coming into leaf.
70
a vast ARRAY of bottles of different shapes and sizes
array /əˈreɪ/ a group or collection of things or people, often one that is large or impressive
71
to put some coins in the SLOT
slot /slɒt/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) A specific time or position in a schedule or sequence
• Example: He has a 10 a.m. slot at the dentist.
2. (noun) A narrow opening for placing or inserting something
• Example: Insert your card into the slot to begin.
3. (verb) To place something into a slot or designated space
• Example: She slotted the DVD into the player.
• Synonyms: opening, position, space, time window
• Antonyms: blockage, gap (for timing), misfit (in context)
72
Winning the championship was an incredible FEAT of strength and determination.
feat /fiːt/ (noun)
a remarkable or difficult action, showing courage, skill, or strength
• Example: Climbing Mount Everest is a tremendous feat.
📝 Usado para destacar realizações impressionantes, especialmente quando exigem esforço ou habilidade incomuns.
• Synonyms: achievement, accomplishment, triumph, exploit
• Antonyms: failure, defeat, attempt
🎵 Extra:
No mundo da música, “feat.” ou “ft.” significa featuring, usado quando um artista participa de uma música de outro.
• Example: Beyoncé feat. Jay-Z
73
She had a happy CHILDHOOD.
childhood /ˈtʃaɪldhʊd/ the period of somebody’s life when they are a child -- childhood, adolescence and adulthood
74
Television helps to relieve the BOREDOM of the long winter evenings.
boredom /ˈbɔːdəm/ the state of feeling bored; the quality of being very boring
75
Traffic reaches its PEAK between 8 and 9 in the morning.
peak /piːk/ the point when somebody/something is best, most successful, strongest, etc. -- She's at the peak of her career.
76
The yard was overgrown with WEEDS.
weed /wiːd/ a wild plant growing where it is not wanted, especially among crops or garden plants
77
They cost ten BUCKS.
buck /bʌk/ a US, Australian or New Zealand dollar; a South African rand; an Indian rupee -- We're talking big bucks (= a lot of money) here.
78
garden TOOLS
tool /tuːl/ an instrument such as a hammer, screwdriver, saw, etc. that you hold in your hand and use for making things, repairing things, etc.
79
WAGES of £200 a week
wage /weɪdʒ/ a regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week, for work or services -- a wage increase of 3%
80
We’ve got LOADS of snacks for the party tonight!
loads /ləʊdz/ (noun – informal, plural form)
🧺 A large amount or number of something; a lot
• Example: She has loads of friends in London.
• Example: We’ve done loads of work this week.
⸻
• Synonyms: a lot, tons, heaps (UK), a bunch
• Antonyms: few, little, none
📝 Nota de uso:
Muito comum no inglês britânico e informal.
➡️ Também aparece em expressões como:
• “Loads of fun” = muita diversão
• “I have loads to do today.” = tenho muita coisa pra fazer hoje
81
Two passengers are still trapped in the WRECK.
wreck /rek/
a car, plane, etc. that has been very badly damaged in an accident
82
We used to HANG OUT at the mall every weekend.
hang out /hæŋ aʊt/ (phrasal verb – informal)
1. to spend time relaxing or doing nothing in particular, often with friends
• Example: Do you want to hang out after work?
2. to stay in a particular place casually or without purpose
• Example: Teenagers were hanging out near the store.
📝 In informal American English, hang out is widely used for social time.
• Synonyms: chill, spend time, socialize, loaf around
• Antonyms: work, separate, avoid
83
Stoner
Slang Chapado
84
Claire has a wide circle of friends and ACQUAINTANCES.
acquaintance /əˈkweɪntəns/ a person that you know but who is not a close friend -- He's just a business acquaintance.
85
Passengers complained about the LACK of information when flights were cancelled.
lack /læk/ the state of not having something or not having enough of something -- There was no lack of volunteers.
86
The kids are always playing TRICKS on their teacher.
trick /trɪk/ something that you do to make somebody believe something that is not true, or to annoy somebody as a joke
87
The OUTCOME of the meeting wasn’t what we expected.
outcome /ˈaʊt.kʌm/ (noun)
the final result or effect of an action, situation, or event
• Example: The outcome of the election surprised everyone.
⸻
• Synonyms: result, consequence, effect, conclusion
• Antonyms: cause, beginning, source
📝 Dica:
“Outcome” é uma palavra muito comum em negócios, saúde, projetos e decisões — é uma forma formal e clara de falar sobre o que aconteceu no final.
88
the company’s PURCHASING manager
purchasing /ˈpɜːtʃəsɪŋ/ the activity of buying things, especially for a company
89
We need to LEVERAGE our contacts to grow the business faster.
leverage /ˈlev.ər.ɪdʒ/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) the power or ability to influence people, situations, or outcomes
• Example: She used her experience as leverage during salary negotiations.
2. (verb) to use something you already have (skills, resources, relationships) to gain an advantage or achieve a goal
• Example: They leveraged their network to launch the product.
⸻
• Synonyms:
• (noun) influence, power, advantage
• (verb) use, exploit, capitalize on
• Antonyms:
• (noun) weakness, disadvantage
• (verb) ignore, waste
📝 Nota de uso:
“Leverage” é muito usado em negócios, mas também aparece em contextos informais com o sentido de “aproveitar algo ao máximo”.
90
Use an ice-cream SCOOP.
scoop /skuːp/ a tool like a large spoon with a deep bowl, used for picking up substances in powder form like flour, or for serving food like ice cream
91
Today we have passed another MILESTONE on the road towards peace.
milestone /ˈmaɪlstəʊn/ a very important stage or event in the development of something -- This voyage marked an important milestone in the history of exploration.
92
lay-offs in the factory
lay-off /ˈleɪ ɒf/ an act of making people unemployed because there is no more work left for them to do
93
Public meetings are being planned at various locations around the COUNTY.
county /ˈkaʊnti/ one of a number of areas that some countries are divided into, each with its own local government
94
An extra £10 million in foreign AID has been provided for victims of the earthquake.
aid /eɪd/ money, food, etc. that is sent to help countries in difficult situations
95
The MAJORITY was/were in favour of banning smoking.
majority məˈdʒɒrəti/ the largest part of a group of people or things -- This treatment is not available in the vast majority of hospitals.
96
After the war the national BOUNDARIES were redrawn.
boundary /ˈbaʊndri/ a real or imagined line that marks the limits or edges of something and separates it from other things or places; a dividing line. -- to extend the boundaries of high art to include some popular music
97
He lifted the LATCH and opened the door.
latch /lætʃ/ a small metal bar that is used to fasten a door or a gate. You raise it to open the door and drop it to fasten it. -- Can you leave the door "on the latch" so I can get in?
98
She has finally EMBRACED the idea of moving to another country.
embrace (embraced) /ɪmˈbreɪs/ (verb – regular)
🤗 1. To hold someone closely in your arms (as a sign of affection or comfort)
• Example: They embraced after being apart for so long.
🌱 2. To accept an idea, change, or situation willingly and with enthusiasm
• Example: She has embraced a new way of living. (present perfect)
• Example: Many people are embracing digital technology today.
⸻
• Synonyms: hug (literal), accept, welcome, adopt (figurative)
• Antonyms: reject, resist, refuse
• Participle: embraced ✅ (regular verb)
📝 Note:
➡️ Pode ser usado de forma literal (abraçar alguém) ou figurada (aceitar algo com abertura e coragem).
➡️ Muito comum em contextos emocionais ou inspiradores.
99
Obesity can raise the risk of LUNG disease.
lung /lʌŋ either of the two organs in the chest that you use for breathing -- Her father died of lung cancer.
100
Grab a BROOM and let’s clean up.
broom /bruːm/
a brush on the end of a long handle, used for sweeping floors
101
The decision still has to be ratified by the full COUNCIL.
council /ˈkaʊnsl/ a group of people who are elected to govern an area such as a city or county -- a town council
102
The company denies any WRONGDOING.
wrongdoing /ˈrɒŋduːɪŋ/ -- illegal or dishonest behaviour
103
The Senate has approved a TRADE agreement with Latin American nations.
trade /treɪd/ the activity of buying and selling or of exchanging goods or services between people or countries -- the international trade in oil
104
She made me aware of my own SHORTCOMINGS.
shortcoming /ˈʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ/ a fault in somebody’s character, a plan, a system, etc. -- Despite a number of shortcomings, the project will still go ahead.
105
muddy **footprints** on the kitchen floor
footprint /ˈfʊtprɪnt/
a mark left on a surface by a person’s foot or shoe or by an animal’s foot
- footprints in the sand
- He could identify any animal from its footprints.
106
107
She booked a last-minute trip to Paris on a WHIM.
whim /wɪm/ (noun)
a sudden and impulsive idea, desire, or decision
• Example: He bought the expensive watch on a whim, without thinking twice.
• Synonyms: impulse, urge, fancy
• Antonyms: plan, intention, routine
108
His GREED for money led him to make terrible decisions.
greed /ɡriːd/ (noun)
an intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or food
• Example: The company’s downfall was caused by the CEO’s greed.
• Synonyms: selfishness, gluttony, avarice
• Antonyms: generosity, selflessness, contentment
109
Her AIM is to achieve WEALTH through smart investments.
wealth /welθ/ (noun)
a large amount of money, property, or valuable possessions; also, abundance in general
• Example: He gained his wealth by building a successful business.
aim /eɪm/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) a goal or purpose
• Example: Her main aim is to open her own store.
2. (verb) to direct effort or action toward a goal
• Example: He aims to finish the project by Friday.
• Synonyms:
• wealth: riches, fortune, prosperity
• aim (noun): goal, target, objective
• aim (verb): intend, plan, strive
• Antonyms:
• wealth: poverty, scarcity
• aim: randomness, aimlessness
📝 “Aim” pode ser usado tanto como substantivo quanto como verbo; “wealth” geralmente aparece como substantivo.
110
The president's actions hardly inspire CONFIDENCE.
confidence /ˈkɒnfɪdəns/
the feeling that you can trust, believe in and be sure about the abilities or good qualities of somebody/something
111
the BUOYANCY of the market
buoyancy /ˈbɔɪənsi/
a situation in which prices, business activity, etc. tend to increase or stay at a high level, usually showing financial success
112
The classroom still had an old SLATE board instead of a whiteboard.
slate /sleɪt/ (noun & verb)
1. (noun) a fine-grained, flat rock used for writing surfaces, roofing, or flooring
• Example: They used slate tiles on the roof.
2. (noun) a list of candidates or planned events
• Example: The company presented a new slate of products.
3. (verb) to schedule or plan something (usually passive)
• Example: The movie is slated for release next summer.
• Synonyms:
• (noun – rock): tile, shale
• (noun – list): lineup, schedule
• (verb): plan, schedule
• Antonyms:
• (noun – rock): —
• (verb): cancel, delay
113
Sixteen complaints were recorded in the LOGBOOK on the same day.
logbook /ˈlɒɡbʊk/
an official record of events during a particular period of time, especially a journey on a ship or plane
114
to go SCUBA DIVING
scuba diving /ˈskuːbə daɪvɪŋ/
the sport or activity of swimming underwater using special breathing equipment consisting of a container of air which you carry on your back and a tube through which you breathe the air
115
a map and COMPASS
compass /ˈkʌmpəs/
an instrument for finding direction, with a needle that always points to the north
116
We went for a CYCLE ride on Sunday.
cycle /ˈsaɪkl/
a bicycle or motorcycle
117
he Empire State Building is a familiar LANDMARK on the New York skyline.
landmark /ˈlændmɑːk/
omething, such as a large building, that you can see clearly from a distance and that will help you to know where you are
118
Careless use of the clutch may damage the GEARS.
gear /ɡɪə(r)/
equipment in a vehicle that changes the relation between engine speed (or pedal speed on a bicycle) and the speed of the wheels moving forwards or backwards
119
He felt a TWINGE in his knee.
twinge /twɪndʒ/
a sudden short feeling of pain
120
he Blue Hole is a huge submarine SINKHOLE located just off of the mainland of Belize
sinkhole /ˈsɪŋkhəʊl/
a large hole in the ground that a river flows into, created over a long period of time by water that has fallen as rain
121
The book I wanted was on the top SHELF.
shelf /ʃelf/
a flat board, made of wood, metal, glass, etc., fixed to the wall or forming part of a cupboard, bookcase, etc., for things to be placed on
122
The country has lost its ALLURE as a destination for foreign investment.
allure /əˈlʊə(r)/
the quality of being attractive and exciting
123
The male bird has a red SPOT on its beak.
spot /spɒt/
a small round area that has a different colour or feels different from the surface it is on
124
He made an emotional APPEAL to voters.
appeal /əˈpiːl/
a deeply felt request for money, help or information that is needed immediately, especially one made by a charity or by the police
125
Many CHARITIES sent money to help the victims of the famine.
charity /ˈtʃærəti/
an organization for helping people in need
126
The shark moved its FINS through the water with ease, and the charity uses its funds for good FINS.
fins /fɪnz/ (noun – plural)
1. (animal anatomy) flat body parts used by fish and sea animals for movement in water
• Example: Dolphins use their fins to swim and steer.
2. (slang – US informal) five-dollar bills (rare, outdated slang)
• Example: He handed me two fins to cover the meal.
3. (in phrases like “for good/bad ends/fins”) an older or poetic variant of “ends”, meaning purpose or goal
• Example: They raised money for noble fins (purposes).
⚠️ Note: the “fins = purposes” usage is rare and mostly poetic or mistaken for “ends.”
• Synonyms:
• (sense 1): flipper, paddle (biology)
• (sense 3): goals, purposes, aims
• Antonyms:
• (sense 3): aimlessness, lack of purpose
127
He’d got BLISTERS on his feet from running.
blister /ˈblɪstə(r)/
a swelling (= an area that is larger and rounder than normal) on the surface of the skin that is filled with liquid and is caused, for example, by rubbing or burning
128
Apply the cream to dry, cracked HEELS before bed.
heel /hiːl/
the back part of the foot below the ankle
129
Couples were dancing CHEEK to CHEEK.
cheek /tʃiːk/
either side of the face below the eyes
130
Use ice to reduce the SWELLING.
swelling /ˈswelɪŋ/
the condition of being larger or rounder than normal
131
Blisters crop up due to the skin on your feet being soft and not used to constant RUBBING which occurs as you swim around.
rubbing /ˈrʌbɪŋ/
a copy of writing or a design on a piece of stone or metal that is made by placing a piece of paper over it and rubbing with chalk, a pencil, etc.
132
Support from family and friends acts as a BUFFER against stress.
buffer /ˈbʌf.ər/ (noun & verb)
🧱 1. (noun) Something that lessens shock, impact, or protects from harm
• Example: The savings act as a buffer against emergencies.
• Example: Trees serve as a buffer between the road and houses.
💻 2. (noun – tech) A temporary storage area for data while it’s being transferred or processed
• Example: The video paused to buffer.
• Example: Audio is stored in a buffer before playing.
➕ 3. (verb) To reduce the negative effects of something
• Example: His kindness helped buffer the criticism.
⸻
• Synonyms: cushion, shield, protection, shock absorber
• Antonyms: exposure, vulnerability, direct hit
📝 Note:
➡️ Na tecnologia: “buffering” é quando o vídeo carrega antes de tocar.
➡️ Em finanças e vida pessoal, é usado como zona de segurança.
133
134
I ate too quickly and got HICCUPS.
hiccup /ˈhɪkʌp/
a sharp, usually repeated, sound made in the throat, that is caused by a sudden movement of the diaphragm and that you cannot control
135
There's not an OUNCE of truth in her story.
ounce /aʊns/
(used especially with negatives)a very small quantity of something
136
Despite the rumors, the company issued several DENIALS of any wrongdoing.
denials /dɪˈnaɪ.əlz/ (noun – plural of denial)
statements saying that something is not true or refusing to accept or allow something
• Example: His repeated denials didn’t convince anyone.
• Synonyms: rejections, refutations, contradictions
• Antonyms: admissions, confirmations, acceptances
137
He still hopes to win his claim against unfair DISMISSAL.
dismissal /dɪsˈmɪsl/
the act of dismissing somebody from their job; an example of this
138
I'd like to make a COMPLAINT about the noise.
complaint /kəmˈpleɪnt/
a reason for not being satisfied; a statement that somebody makes saying that they are not satisfied
139
She studied the history of SLAVERY, and how people were forced to live as SLAVES.
slavery /ˈsleɪ.vər.i/ (noun)
The system or condition in which people are owned by others and forced to work without freedom or pay.
• Example: Slavery was a tragic part of human history.
slave /sleɪv/ (noun)
A person who is legally owned by someone else and is forced to work without freedom.
• Example: The slaves had no control over their lives or labor.
• Synonyms:
• slavery: bondage, servitude, oppression
• slave: captive, laborer (contextual)
• Antonyms:
• slavery: freedom, liberty
• slave: free person, citizen
140
Workers in these stores earn a good WAGE.
wage /weɪdʒ/
a regular amount of money that you earn, usually every week or every month, for work or services
141
The constant stress of work and family life put serious STRAINS on his health.
strains /streɪnz/ (noun – plural)
Pressures or tensions that cause stress, injury, or difficulty.
Ex: The injury was caused by repeated strains on the same muscle.
Synonyms: stress, pressure, tension, burden
Antonyms: relief, ease, relaxation, comfort
142
Her hair stood up in SPIKES.
spike /spaɪk/
a thin object with a sharp point, especially a pointed piece of metal, wood, etc.
143
foods that are rich in IRON.
iron /ˈaɪən/
a chemical element. Iron is a hard strong metal that is used to make steel and is also found in small quantities in blood and food.
144
Small STEEL plates were attached to the front and back of the bone.
steel /stiːl/
a strong, hard metal that is made of a mixture of iron and carbon
145
The heavy rain has caused FLOODS in many parts of the country.
flood /flʌd/
a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
146
The road was covered in loose GRAVEL, making it hard to ride the bike.
Palavra: gravel /ˈɡræv.əl/
🔹 Classe gramatical: noun (substantivo)
🔹 Definição (em inglês):
Small, loose stones often used to cover roads, paths, or driveways.
🔹 Exemplo extra:
They poured gravel on the garden path to prevent mud.
🔹 Sinônimos: crushed stone, pebbles, rock chips
🔹 Antônimos: pavement, asphalt, cement
147
We saw a POD OF dolphins swimming near the boat.
pod of /pɒd ʌv/ (noun phrase)
a group of marine animals that swim together, especially dolphins or whales
• Example: A large pod of whales appeared off the coast this morning.
📝 Também pode ser usado com: seals, sea lions, pelicans, ou até peas in a pod (em outro sentido – veja abaixo)
🌱 Expressão extra:
like two peas in a pod
➡️ Muito parecidos; inseparáveis
• Example: My twin cousins are like two peas in a pod.*
• Synonyms: group, school (for fish), herd (for land animals)
• Antonyms: individual, lone
148
* *to swim from the boat to the SHORE*
**shore** /ʃɔː(r)/
the land along the edge of the sea, the ocean or a lake
* *a house on the shores of the lake*
* *The ship was anchored off shore.*
149
* *For this recipe you need 250g of peeled king PRAWNS.*
**prawn** /prɔːn/
a [shellfish](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/shellfish) that can be eaten, with ten legs and a long tail. Prawns turn pink when cooked.
* *North American English usually* **shrimp**
150
* *PEA soup*
**pea** /piː/
a small round green seed, eaten as a vegetable. Several peas grow together inside a long thin [pod](https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/pod) on a climbing plant also called a pea.
* *frozen peas*
151
* *These vegetables can be* ***grown from SEED.***
**seed** /siːd/
the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new plant can grow
* *a packet of wild flower seeds*
* ***seed potatoes***
152
We saw all SORTS of animals at the zoo, and I’m SORT OF tired today.
sort /sɔːrt/ (noun, verb & informal expression)
1. (noun) a category or type of thing
• Example: What sort of music do you like?
2. (noun – plural: sorts) different kinds
• Example: The store sells all sorts of snacks.
3. (verb) to organize or arrange things into categories
• Example: I need to sort my clothes before packing.
4. (expression: “sort of”) used informally to mean “kind of” or “a little”
• Example: I sort of understand, but not completely.
• Synonyms:
• (noun): kind, type, category
• (verb): organize, arrange, classify
• Antonyms:
• (noun): —
• (verb): mix, mess up
📝 “Sort of” = uma expressão informal, muito comum em conversas do dia a dia, especialmente no inglês britânico.
153
* *The streets were littered with RUBBISH.*
**rubbish** /ˈrʌbɪʃ/
things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them
* *a **rubbish bag***
* *The rubbish is collected on Tuesdays.*
* *He is supporting a campaign to encourage people to recycle their rubbish.*
154
* *Weeks have gone by without a rubbish collection, and the STENCH is terrible.*
**stench** /stentʃ/
a strong, very unpleasant smell
155
He twisted his WRIST while playing tennis.
wrist /rɪst/ (noun)
the joint between the hand and the arm
He grabbed her by the wrist to stop her.
156
Some learners feel a STIGMA when using AI to study English.
stigma /ˈstɪɡ.mə/ (noun)
a mark of shame or disapproval that makes someone feel embarrassed or rejected
There is still a social stigma around asking for mental health support.
157
They discussed the DOWNSIDES of using AI in education.
downside /ˈdaʊn.saɪd/ (noun)
the negative part or disadvantage of something
The only downside of working from home is feeling isolated.
158
It’s important to find your own VOICE when learning a language.
voice /vɔɪs/ (noun – figurative)
a style or way of expressing yourself in speech or writing
The author’s voice is clear and humorous throughout the book.
159
The podcast is a GOLDMINE of useful expressions.
goldmine /ˈɡoʊld.maɪn/ (noun – figurative)
a source of great wealth, value, or useful information
That website is a goldmine for free learning resources.
160
There’s still some BACKLASH against using AI in the classroom.
backlash /ˈbæk.læʃ/ (noun)
a strong negative reaction to something that has happened recently
The company faced backlash after changing its privacy policy.
161
That episode was a real EYE-OPENER for me.
eye-opener /ˈaɪˌoʊ.pən.ɚ/ (noun – informal)
something surprising that shows you something you didn’t know before
The documentary was an eye-opener about climate change.
162
She placed her favorite novels on the top BOOKSHELF.
bookshelf /ˈbʊk.ʃɛlf/ (noun)
a piece of furniture with shelves to hold books
The bookshelf in the living room is full of travel guides.
163
He stayed home with a high fever and the FLU.
flu /fluː/ (noun)
a common viral infection that causes fever, aches, and tiredness
I missed school last week because I had the flu.
164
The books were neatly arranged on the SHELVES.
shelf /ʃɛlf/ (noun)
a flat surface used for storing or displaying things, usually attached to a wall or inside furniture
(“Shelves” is the plural of “shelf.”)
She put her favorite photos on the top shelf in the bedroom.
165
She keeps her documents in the top DRAWER of her desk.
drawer /drɔːr/ (noun)
a sliding container in furniture where you can store things
He opened the drawer and took out a pen.
166
Sleep is your life-support system and Mother Nature’s best effort yet at IMMORTALITY.
immortality /ˌɪm.ɔːˈtæl.ə.ti/ (noun)
the ability to live forever; eternal life.
• Sinônimos: eternal life, perpetuity
• Antônimos: mortality, death
• Example: Many myths explore the quest for immortality.
167
Sleep deprivation can result in a 40% DEFICIT in the brain’s ability to make new memories.
deficit /ˈdef.ɪ.sɪt/ (noun)
the amount by which something is too small.
• Sinônimos: shortage, shortfall
• Antônimos: surplus, excess
• Example: The company reported a deficit in its annual budget.
168
The HIPPOCAMPUS is the brain’s memory inbox.
hippocampus /ˌhɪp.əˈkæm.pəs/ (noun)
a part of the brain involved in memory formation.
• Example: Damage to the hippocampus can lead to memory loss.
169
The deep stages of sleep are essential for memory CONSOLIDATION.
consolidation /kənˌsɒl.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən/ (noun)
the process of making something stronger or more solid.
• Sinônimos: reinforcement, strengthening
• Antônimos: fragmentation, weakening
• Example: Studying before sleep aids in memory consolidation.
170
Sleep spindles act as a FILE-TRANSFER mechanism for memories.
file-transfer (noun)
the process of moving data from one place to another.
• Example: The software facilitates quick file transfers between devices.
171
Lack of sleep can cause IMPAIRMENTS in memory.
impairment /ɪmˈpeə.mənt/ (noun)
the state of being diminished or weakened.
• Sinônimos: deterioration, damage
• Antônimos: improvement, enhancement
• Example: Hearing impairment can affect communication.
172
She twisted her ANKLE while running on the trail.
ankle /ˈæŋ.kəl/ (noun)
the joint connecting the foot with the leg
• Example: He wore a brace to protect his injured ankle.
• Synonyms: — (it’s a specific body part)
173
She kissed him gently on the FOREHEAD before leaving.
forehead /ˈfɔː.rɪd/ ou /ˈfɔː.hed/ (noun)
🧠 The flat part of the face above the eyebrows and below the hairline
• Example: He had sweat running down his forehead after the workout.
• Example: She touched her forehead to check for a fever.
⸻
• Synonyms: brow
• Antonyms: (—) (no direct opposite — it’s a specific part of the body)
📝 Nota de uso:
Existem duas pronúncias corretas:
• /ˈfɔː.rɪd/ (mais britânica)
• /ˈfɔː.hed/ (mais americana)
➡️ Ambas são comuns e aceitas!
174
My BELLY is so full after that huge lunch.
belly /ˈbɛl.i/ (noun – informal)
🫃 The front part of the human body below the chest, commonly known as the stomach or abdomen
• Example: He lay on his belly to sunbathe.
• Example: She has a small tattoo on her belly.
⸻
• Synonyms: stomach, tummy (more childish), abdomen
• Antonyms: back, chest
📝 Nota de uso:
“Belly” é informal e muito comum na fala.
➡️ Expressões populares:
• “Belly button” = umbigo
• “Belly laugh” = risada alta e verdadeira
• “Beer belly” = barriga de chope
175
He said he met Beyoncé in the supermarket, but that’s complete BULLSHIT.
bullshit /ˈbʊl.ʃɪt/ (noun – vulgar, informal)
💬 1. Lies, nonsense, or something clearly untrue or exaggerated
• Example: That excuse is pure bullshit.
💬 2. Silly or insincere talk meant to impress or deceive
• Example: I’m tired of all this corporate bullshit.
• Synonyms: nonsense, lies, rubbish, crap (informal)
• Antonyms: truth, honesty, facts
📝 Note:
Very common in everyday spoken English, but considered vulgar. Avoid in formal situations.
Also used as a verb:
• Example: Don’t bullshit me — just tell the truth.
176
I almost tripped on the RUG near the doorway.
rug /rʌɡ/ (noun)
🏠 A small carpet used to cover part of a floor, often decorative or for warmth
• Example: There’s a soft rug in front of the fireplace.
• Example: She bought a colorful rug for the living room.
⸻
• Synonyms: mat, carpet, floor covering
• Antonyms: bare floor, tile (in contrast)
📝 Note:
➡️ Rug geralmente cobre uma parte do chão, enquanto carpet costuma cobrir o chão inteiro.
➡️ Também aparece em expressões como:
“Pull the rug out from under someone” = “Puxar o tapete de alguém” (trair, surpreender negativamente)
177
He shouted in a fit of FURY after hearing the news.
fury /ˈfjʊə.ri/ (noun – uncountable)
😠 Extreme anger; intense rage or violence
• Example: She slammed the door in a burst of fury.
• Example: His eyes were filled with fury.
⸻
• Synonyms: rage, wrath, outrage, anger
• Antonyms: calmness, peace, serenity
📝 Note:
➡️ Expressa um estado emocional intenso, muitas vezes fora de controle
➡️ Usada também em expressões como:
• a fury of wind = vento violento
• in a fit of fury = num ataque de fúria
✅ Muito comum em narrativas e emoções fortes no inglês falado e escrito.
178
His emotional WOUNDS took longer to heal than the physical ones.
wound /wuːnd/ (noun – countable & verb)
🤕 1. (noun) An injury to the body, especially where the skin is cut or broken
• Example: The soldier had serious wounds after the battle.
💔 2. (figurative) An emotional or psychological injury
• Example: Her harsh words left deep wounds in his heart.
⸻
• Synonyms: injury, cut, trauma, scar
• Antonyms: healing, recovery, comfort
📝 Note:
➡️ Também usado como verbo:
• He was wounded in the accident.
➡️ Expressa tanto dor física quanto sofrimento emocional — muito usado em narrativas, histórias de guerra, ou relações pessoais.
179
Let’s meet around NOON for lunch.
noon /nuːn/ (noun – uncountable)
🕛 Twelve o’clock in the middle of the day; 12:00 p.m.
• Example: The meeting starts at noon.
• Example: We arrived just before noon.
⸻
• Synonyms: midday, twelve o’clock (p.m.)
• Antonyms: midnight, morning, evening
📝 Note:
➡️ Não se usa “at 12:00 noon” (redundante) — diga apenas “at noon”
➡️ Forma oposta: midnight = 12:00 a.m.
✅ Muito útil para marcar compromissos e entender instruções de horário.
180
He got a small NICK on his finger while cutting vegetables.
nick /nɪk/ (noun & verb – informal)
✂️ 1. (noun) A small cut or scratch
• Example: She got a nick on her leg from shaving.
👮 2. (UK – verb) To steal something (gíria britânica)
• Example: Someone nicked my bike last night!
• Nick* também pode significar “ser preso”:
• He got nicked by the police.
🏢 3. (UK – noun, informal) A police station or jail
• Example: He spent the night in the nick.
⸻
• Synonyms (cut): scratch, scrape, slice
• Synonyms (steal – UK): swipe, pinch, steal
• Antonyms: repair, give, return
📝 Note:
➡️ No inglês americano, “nick” é mais usado para pequenos cortes
➡️ No inglês britânico, “nick” é gíria para roubar ou prisão
181
He cut himself while SHAVING this morning.
shaving /ˈʃeɪ.vɪŋ/ (noun – uncountable & countable / verb – present participle of shave)
🪒 1. The act of removing hair with a razor or blade (noun)
• Example: I need a good shaving cream.
✂️ 2. Thin pieces that are cut off from something (like wood or metal) (noun – plural: shavings)
• Example: The floor was covered in wood shavings.
🧔 3. Present participle of the verb shave (to remove hair)
• Example: He is shaving his beard right now.
⸻
• Synonyms: trimming, scraping, grooming
• Antonyms: growing, leaving untouched
📝 Note:
➡️ Muito comum em contextos de higiene pessoal e barbearia
➡️ Também aparece como shaving cream, shaving foam, shaving kit, etc.
182
Use some FOAM to help the razor glide more easily.
foam /foʊm/ (noun & verb)
🫧 1. (noun) A mass of small bubbles formed on or in liquid, often used in soaps, shaving cream, etc.
• Example: The waves crashed with white foam on the beach.
• Example: He used shaving foam to soften his beard.
🛠️ 2. (noun) A light, soft material used in cushions or insulation
• Example: The mattress is made of memory foam.
🫧 3. (verb) To produce or cover with foam
• Example: The soap foamed up quickly when mixed with water.
⸻
• Synonyms: lather, bubbles, froth, suds
• Antonyms: solid, flat surface
📝 Note:
➡️ Comum em produtos: foam cleanser, foam roller, foam mattress
➡️ Como verbo: The liquid foamed when shaken.
183
The chicken BROTH made the soup rich and full of flavor.
broth /brɔːθ/ (noun – uncountable)
🍲 A thin soup or cooking liquid made by boiling meat, vegetables, or bones
• Example: She used vegetable broth instead of water for extra flavor.
• Example: The broth was simmering on the stove all day.
⸻
• Synonyms: stock, soup base, bouillon
• Antonyms: solid food, dry mix
📝 Note:
➡️ Broth é mais leve que stock, mas os dois são usados de forma intercambiável
➡️ Aparece muito em dietas leves, culinária asiática, sopas e risotos
➡️ Variedades: chicken broth, beef broth, vegetable broth
184
She spent the afternoon GRAZING on snacks while watching TV.
grazing /ˈɡreɪ.zɪŋ/ (noun & present participle of “graze” – verb)
🐄 1. (verb) To eat small amounts of food over a long period, instead of full meals
• Example: I’ve been grazing all day instead of having lunch.
• Example: The cows are grazing in the field.
🩹 2. (verb) To lightly scrape the skin or a surface
• Example: He grazed his knee when he fell off the bike.
⸻
• Synonyms (eating): nibbling, snacking, picking at
• Synonyms (injury): scrape, scratch
• Antonyms: feast, fast (for eating); heal, smooth (for skin/surface)
📝 Note:
➡️ Grazing é muito usado para hábitos alimentares leves ou desatentos
➡️ Como lesão: geralmente é algo leve, sem corte profundo
185
Use a RULER to draw a straight line across the page.
ruler /ˈruː.lər/ (noun)
📏 A tool for measuring or drawing lines
👑 Also: a person who rules (e.g. king)
• Example: The ruler of the country was respected by all.
186
Make sure to place the LID tightly on the pot.
lid /lɪd/ (noun)
🍲 A removable cover for a container
• Example: The lid keeps the soup warm.
• Synonyms: cap, top | Antonyms: opening
187
Pour the soup into the CONTAINER and close the lid.
container /kənˈteɪ.nər/ (noun)
📦 An object that holds things
• Example: I always bring my lunch in a glass container.
• Synonyms: jar, bin | Antonyms: —
188
The company’s PROFITS have increased steadily this year.
profits /ˈprɒf.ɪts/ (noun – plural)
💰 Money earned after expenses
• Example: They’ve made huge profits recently. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: earnings | Antonyms: losses
189
Someone HAS LEFT a coffee cup on the TRAY.
tray /treɪ/ (noun)
🍽️ 1. A flat object used to carry or hold items, usually with raised edges
• Example: The waiter placed the glasses on the tray.
• Example: I’ve left your breakfast on the tray. (present perfect)
• Example: She brought tea and cookies on a silver tray.
⸻
• Synonyms: platter, dish, serving board
• Antonyms: (none – object category)
📝 Note:
➡️ Pode ser de plástico, metal, madeira etc.
➡️ Usado em casa, escritórios, hospitais, aviões, cafeterias…
190
We HAVE REDUCED our monthly EXPENSES to save more money.
expenses /ɪkˈspensɪz/ (noun – plural)
💰 Money that is spent to pay for something; costs
• Example: Travel expenses were reimbursed by the company.
• Example: I’ve been tracking my expenses using an app. (present perfect)
• Example: The company has cut expenses to increase profits.
⸻
• Synonyms: costs, expenditures, outgoings
• Antonyms: earnings, income, profits
📝 Note:
➡️ Sempre no plural: expenses
➡️ Pode ser pessoais (daily expenses), profissionais (business expenses), fixas, variáveis, etc.
191
I’ve just fixed the FAUCET — it was leaking all day.
faucet /ˈfɔː.sɪt/ (noun)
🚿 A device that controls the flow of water from a pipe
• Example: The faucet in the bathroom is dripping again.
• Example: She has replaced the faucet with a modern one. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: tap (🇬🇧), spout
• Antonyms: pipe, drain (opposite function)
192
He HAS CLEANED the SINK after doing the dishes.
sink /sɪŋk/ (noun)
🚰 A bowl in a kitchen or bathroom for washing things
• Example: The kitchen sink is full of dirty plates.
• Example: I’ve unclogged the sink this morning. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: basin
• Antonyms: counter, surface (not deep)
193
They HAVE FIXED the broken PIPE in the bathroom wall.
pipe /paɪp/ (noun)
🔧 1. A tube used to carry water, gas, or other fluids
• Example: A pipe burst under the kitchen sink.
• Example: We’ve replaced all the old pipes in the house. (present perfect)
🎶 2. A musical instrument or part of an organ
• Example: The organ has metal pipes that produce sound.
📡 3. A way of transmitting signals or data (informal/tech)
• Example: The internet company has a faster data pipe.
⸻
• Synonyms: tube, conduit, hose
• Antonyms: blockage, plug
📝 Note:
➡️ Pode ser usada em contexto doméstico, técnico, musical ou digital.
➡️ “To pipe” também pode ser um verbo (menos comum): to pipe music into a room = tocar música por sistema de som.
194
I felt a huge RELIEF when I heard the pipe was fixed.
relief /rɪˈliːf/ (noun)
😮💨 A feeling of comfort after stress, pain, or fear ends
• Example: What a relief to hear the noise stopped.
• Example: She has shown great relief after solving the problem. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: comfort, ease, reassurance
• Antonyms: stress, discomfort, pain
195
They HAVE CHANGED the flat TIRE on the highway.
tire /ˈtaɪər/ (noun)
🛞 The rubber covering around a wheel
• Example: My car has a flat tire.
• Example: We’ve inflated all four tires. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: wheel (part), rubber
• Antonyms: (no direct antonym – it’s a part)
📝 Note:
➡️ No Reino Unido, escreve-se tyre
196
There HAS BEEN A BLOCKAGE in the kitchen sink since yesterday.
blockage /ˈblɒk.ɪdʒ/ (noun)
🚫 Something that stops movement through a pipe or passage
• Example: A blockage in the pipe caused the leak.
• Example: We’ve removed the blockage using a plunger. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: obstruction, clog
• Antonyms: clearance, opening, flow
197
They HAVE MOVED all the boxes to the BASEMENT.
basement /ˈbeɪs.mənt/ (noun)
🏠 A room or space under a house, usually below ground level
• Example: The basement flooded after the storm.
• Example: I’ve cleaned the basement this morning. (present perfect)
• Synonyms: cellar, lower floor
• Antonyms: attic, upper floor
198
I HAVE REPLACED the burnt-out BULB in the hallway.
bulb /bʌlb/ (noun)
💡 1. A glass part of a light that gives off light when powered
• Example: The bulb burned out last night.
• Example: We’ve already replaced the kitchen bulb. (present perfect)
🌱 2. A rounded underground part of some plants (e.g., onion, garlic)
• Example: I planted tulip bulbs in the garden.
• Example: She has grown garlic from a single bulb. (present perfect)
⸻
• Synonyms: lightbulb, globe (lighting); root (for plants)
• Antonyms: darkness (figurative for light), seed (for plant type)
⸻
🔍 Outros usos:
• bulb-shaped = algo com formato arredondado, tipo bulbo
• bulb of the thermometer = a parte redonda de um termômetro
