Notifiable diseases

Question 1

What does it mean if you see a notifiable disease?

Answer 1

You must report it to the APHA, even if you just suspect it

Question 2

Failure to notify is an….

Answer 2

offence

Question 3

if you suspect a fish notifiable disease who do you report it to?

Answer 3

Fish health inspectorate

Question 4

In addition to notifiable diseases you must call the FHI if…

Answer 4

Fish are dying in later numbers than usual

Are affected by unusual deaths

Question 5

How and when must you notify the world animal health organisation OIE?

Answer 5

When ever an important epidemiological ever happens in a member country, notify OIE by they information system WAHIS

Question 6

What is Rinderpest?

Answer 6

AKA Cattle plague
Morbillivirus - very similar to peste des petit ruminants
Fver, depression, severe discharge from the eyes and nose, diahorrea and death

Question 7

What is classical swine fever?

Answer 7

A pestivirus transmitted in blood, oronasal discharge urine/faeces, semen and meat
Vertical transmission causes abortion or piglets that shed the disease for 6-12m before dying

Question 8

What is African swine disease

Answer 8

Asfaviridae - a large complex virus that replicates in the cytoplasm
V&D, darkening of the skin, gummed up eyes, laboured breathing and coughing, with abortion
Spread by direct/indirect contact, canabalism and Ornithodorod ticks

Question 9

What is foot and mouth disease?

Answer 9

Aphthavirus - picornavirus

NB, pigs shed lots of virus as aerosols

Question 10

How long does FMD survive in the environment?

Answer 10

Around 1 month

Question 11

What are the signs of FMD?

Answer 11

Ulcers on the feet and mouth, lameness, fever

Question 12

When a premises is declared as suspect, what happens?

Answer 12

Warning/keep out signs 
Record all animals/bedding/equiptment on site
Isolation and prevention of movement 
Disinfectants at entrances/exits
Rodent control

Question 13

Who confirms a notifiable disease?

Answer 13

Sample is sent to Pirbright and CVO will confirm - informs OIE and EC and reports regularly on the stars of the disease
The UK looses its FMD-free status and all hell breaks loose

Question 14

What zones are put in place when a notifiable disease is confirmed?

Answer 14

Protection zone: minus 3km around farm
Surveillance zone: minimum 10km around farm
Restricted zone: The whole of the UK has a movement ban

Question 15

What happens to the farm of a notifiable disease?

Answer 15

Susceptible animals are humanely killed

carcasses are disposed of in the preliminary disinfection

Question 16

What are the 7 serotypes of FMD?

Answer 16

A, C, Asia 1, SAT1/2/3

Question 17

Is bTB zoonotic?

Answer 17

Yes but controlled by pasteurisation

Question 18

What are the three main species of TB?

Answer 18

M. tuberculosis
M. Bovis
M. microti

Question 19

Most spread of bTB is due to…

Answer 19

Cattle

Question 20

How do we test for bTB?

Answer 20

Single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT)

Question 21

How doe we perform a SICCT?

Answer 21

Clip hair from two sites on the neck each site 12.5ish cm away from each other and measure the thickness of the skin with callipers

Avian tuberculin is injected into the top site and bTB in the lower site. 72h later measure the thickness of the sites.

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction causes thickening of there is a reaction

Question 22

When is a bTB test declared positive?

Answer 22

When the bTB site exceeds the aTB site by more than 4mm (conclusive)
When the bTB is 1-4mm thicker than the aTB this is an inconclusive reactor

Question 23

Other than skin testing, how else do we survey for bTb?

Answer 23

Abattoir testing

Question 24

What happens to bTB testing positive cattle?

Answer 24

DEFRA pays for the cattle to go to a bTB abattoir and pays the farmer compensation
If a lesion is found in the lymph node then this is cut out with the vicera and the rest of the carcass goes for human consumption

Question 25

What is spoligotyping and what is it used for?

Answer 25

Specific oglionucliotide typing - like a bar code

Tb tests on badgers

Question 26

What is rabies?

Answer 26

A lyssavirus

Question 27

How is European bat lyssavirus different to rabies?

Answer 27

Clinically indistinguishable
EBLV1 - Bats
EBLV- has been seen in people

Question 28

What are the two types of rabies?

Answer 28

Urban rabies - dogs in Africa and Asia and SA

Sylvatic Rabies - Wild animals in Europe, Africa, americas

Question 29

What type of virus is avian influenza?

Answer 29

Orthomyxoviridae - Influenza A virus
A single stranded RNA virus 
Enveloped (Haemagglutinin (H) or neuraminidase (N))
Helical 80-120nm
Replicates in the nucleus

Question 30

What subtype of avian influenza is notifiable?

Answer 30

Subtypes H5 or H7 with 75% mortality in chicks over 10 days old

Question 31

How is blue tongue spread?

Answer 31

Culicoides midges

Question 32

What is anthrax?

Answer 32

Bacillus anthracis

A gram +ve rod that produces spores

Question 33

What types of anthrax can you get?

Answer 33

Gastrointestinal anthrax
Cutaneous anthrax
Inhaled anthrax

Question 34

If something dies very suddenly and you suspect anthrax what should you do?

Answer 34

Call APHA immediately
Do not open the carcass
PPE and sporicidal disinfectant 
Formalin fumigation of premises 
Insecticides used on and around carcass to prevent scavengers

Question 35

What causes BSE, vCJD and CWD?

Answer 35

Prions

Question 36

What are the signs of Chlamydophila psittaci

Answer 36

Green diarrhoea and respiratory distress

Question 37

What causes Q fever?

Answer 37

Coxiella burneti

Causes abortion in cattle and people