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Notes from Questions Flashcards

1
Q

HLA I

A

DP, DQ, DR

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2
Q

HLA I

A

A, B, C

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3
Q

Vitamine B12

A

1) Conversion of MMA to Succinyl Co-a. This is an important step in the extraction of energy from proteins and fats.
2) Methyl transfer reaction to regenerate THF and produce methionine. (Methyl-folate and homocysteine to THF and methionine). This accomplishes two imporatnt things. First, in DNA synthesis, THF is used by thymidylate synthase to make dTMP from dUMP. Second, methionine is an essential amino acid, so regeneration is important for methionine salvage.

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4
Q

Circular DNA viruses

A

Hepadnavirus (HBV)
Papillomavirus (HPV)
Polyomavirus (JC virus, BK Virus)

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5
Q

DNA viruses (7)

A 
Herpesvirus
Hepadnavirus
Adenovirus
Parvovirus
Papillomavirus
Polyomavirus
Poxvirus
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6
Q

RNA viruses (15)

A 
Reovirus
Picornavirus
Repevirus
Calcivirus
Flavivirus
TOgavirus
Retrovirus
Coronavirus
Orthomyxovirus
Paramyxovirus
Rhabdovirus
Filovirus
Arenavirus
Bunyavirus
Deltavirus
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7
Q

Herpesviruses

A 
DNA viruses:
HSV1 and 2
EBV (has reverse transcriptase)
VZV
CMV
HHV6, 7, 8
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8
Q

Retroviruses

A

RNA Viruses:
HIV
HTLV

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9
Q

Parvoviruses

A

DNA Virus:

Parvoviruse B19

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10
Q

Enveloped DNA Viruses:

A

DNA Viruses:

  • Herpesvirues
  • Hepadnavirus (from ER)
  • Poxvirus

“HE POsed for HER”

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11
Q

Unenveloped RNA Viruses:

A

RNA Viruses:

  • Reovirus
  • Picornavirus
  • Hepevirus
  • Calcivirus

“HE CALled HEr RE-PI-tedly”

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12
Q

Sensitivity

A

% of positives that are true positives

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13
Q

Specificity

A

% of negatives that are true negatives

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14
Q

Innervation of foot dorsum

A

Superficial peroneal

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15
Q

Innervation of anterior compartment

A

Deep peroneal

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16
Q

Innervation of sole of the foot

A

tibial nerve

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17
Q

Innervaton of posterior compartment

A

Tibial nerve

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18
Q

Innervation of medial leg and medial foot

A

Saphenous nerve

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19
Q

Hydroxychloroquine AE

A

Irreversible retinopathy

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20
Q

MTX AE

A 
GI mucosa tox
Allopecia
Pancytopenia
Hepatotox
Pulmonary fibrosis
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21
Q

Benzodiazepine MOA

A
  • Anxiolytic, sedative hypnotic, anticonvulsant, muscle relaxants
  • Modulate GABAa receptor Cl channel in CNS neurons to increase the frequency of opening. This hyperpolarizes the membrane and makes the neurons less-excitable.
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22
Q

Rubella eye complication

A

congenital cataract

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23
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis eye complication in newborn

A

inclusion body conjunctivitis

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24
Q

Bronchiolitis

A
  • Usually due to RSV
  • cold symptoms followed by wheezing, crackles, respiratory distress, sometimes apnea
  • peak at 3-5 days
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25
Q

Whooping cough lung sounds

A

CTA

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26
Q

Parainfluenza

A
  • RNA Paramyxovirus

- croup with barking cough and inspiratory stridor

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27
Q

Strep Pneumo

A

lobar pneumonia with rever cough and focal rales

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28
Q

Order of parts of heart tube

A 
TA: Truncus arteriosus
BC: Bulbus cordis
PV: Primitive Ventricle
PA: Primitive Atrium
SV: Sinus Venosus

Work backwards from aorta/PV to SVC: TB VAS

29
Q

Derivatives of heart tbe pars

A

TA: Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
BC: smooth parts of left and right ventricles
PV: Trabeculated parts of R/L ventricles (Carnae)
PA: Trabeculated parts of R/L atria (Pectinati)
SV: Coronary sinus on left, smooth part of R. atrium (sinus venarum)
Right common cardinal vein and rightanterior cardinal vein: SVC

30
Q

HbF

A

alpha2 gamma2

31
Q

HbA

A

alpha2 beta2 max around 1yr, majority at 4-5mo

32
Q

Lateral leads

A

aVL, I, V5, V6

33
Q

Inferior leads

A

II, III, aVF

34
Q

Septal leads

A

V1, V2

35
Q

Anterior Leads

A

V3, V4

36
Q

Class 1A antiarrhythmics

A

Quinidine
Procainamide
Diisopyramide

37
Q

Class 1B antiarrhythmics

A

Phenytoin
Mexiletine
Lidocaine

38
Q

Class 1C antiarrhythmics

A

Flecainaide

Propafenone

39
Q

CYP450 Inducers

A 
Carbamazepine
Ginseng
Green vegetables
OCP
Phenobarbital
Rifampin
St. John's Wort
40
Q

CYP450 Inhibitors

A 
NSAIDs incl. tylenol
Antibiotics/antifungals
Amiodarone
Cimetidine
Cranberry juice
Omeprazole
Thyroid hormone
SSRIs
41
Q

Vitamin K dependent clotting factors

A 
2
7
9
10
Protein C and S
42
Q

Mechanism of isoniazid resistance

A

mutation or non-expression of M. TB catalase peroxidase enzyme (activate INH) or by alteration of INH bindin gsite on mycolic acid synthesis enzyme

43
Q

Mechanism of ethambutol function

A

inhibit synthesis of mycobacterial cell wall (arabinosyltransferase enzyme)

44
Q

Mechanism of isoniazid function

A

Inhibits mycolic acid synthesis

45
Q

Mechanism of rifampin activity

A

Inactivates DNA-dependent RNA polymerase needed for RNA elongation

46
Q

MOAs of TCA’s

A 
Main: SNRI
Side Effects:
- Block Na channels (fast)
- Peripheral antimuscarinic 
- Peripheral anti (alpha 1) adrenergic) 
- Antihistamine (H1)
47
Q

Duloxetine

A

SNRI

can cause confusion

48
Q

Terbinafine MOA

A

Terbinafine is hypothesized to act by inhibiting squalene monooxygenase, thus blocking the biosynthesis of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. This inhibition also results in an accumulation of squalene, which is a substrate catalyzed to 2,3-oxydo squalene by squalene monooxygenase. The resultant high concentration of squalene and decreased amount of ergosterol are both thought to contribute to terbinafine’s antifungal activity.

49
Q

Finasteride MOA

A

Inhibition of 5 alpha reductase (reduce production of DHT from testosterone)

50
Q

Infliximab

A

anti-TNFa antibody

51
Q

Imatinib

A

anti-BCR-ABL molecule

52
Q

Abciximab

A

anti-GP2b3a inhibitor

53
Q

Succinylcholine

A

depolarizing neuro muscular blocking agent that binds nAChRs

54
Q

Atracurium

A

nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent

55
Q

Dantrolene

A

blocks RyR receptors

56
Q

aortic murmur best heard

A

left sternal border in 3rd of 4th intercostal space

57
Q

tubocurarine

A

blocks skm nicotinic receptors, induce paralysis, causing autonomic ganglia blockade as AE

58
Q

acute rejection occurs when

A

1-4 weeks posttransplant

59
Q

histopath of acute rejection

A

cell-mediated, dense infiltrate of mononuclear T-cell lymphocytes, mediated by t lymphocyte sensitization against graft mhc antigen presentation

60
Q

histopath of chronic rejection

A

scant inflammatory cells and intersitital fibrosis, mediated by b and t lymphocytes, antibodies, occuringyears following transplant (or months)

61
Q

how do fibrates cause gallstones

A

inhibition of cholesterol 7 alpha hydroxylase, which is needed to make bile acids (rate-limiting step)

62
Q

what does beta glucuronidase do

A

deconjugates bilirubin, so bilirubin can precipitate with calcium to make stone

63
Q

Pthrp is associated with

A

squamous cell cancers
renal and bladder cancer
ovarian and endometrial cancer
breast cancer

64
Q

NE acts at

A

alpha 1 and beta 1 receptors, very little beta 2 activity

major effect is alpha 1 vasoconstriction

65
Q

labetalol MOA

A

reversible competitive antagonist of alpha1, beta1, and beta2

66
Q

Phenoxybenzamine MOA

A

irreversible alpha1 and alpha2 antagonists

67
Q

Phentolamine MOA

A

reversible, competitive alpha adrenergic antagonist

68
Q

Propranolol MOA

A

nonspecific beta adrenergic antagonist

Step Study Notes (5 decks)

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