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Paediatrics > Notes from Pad 1st two rotations 2 > Flashcards

Notes from Pad 1st two rotations 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common age for breast cancer?

A

Late 40s - early 50s

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2
Q

Ages and frequencies for cervical screening

A

25-49 every 3 years = smear

50-64 = smear every 5 years

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3
Q

Two presenting features of cervical cancer

A

Post-coital bleeding - from contact with cervix

Abdominal distention - spread of cancer to abdomen

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4
Q

Risk factors for cervical cancer x5

A 
HPV
Immunosuppression 
Long term pill use 
Multiple sexual partners 
Early age 1st intercourse
(Last 3 because increased risk of STI which increases risk of cervical cancer)
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5
Q

Details of stage 1 cervical cancer

A

Cervix only affected

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6
Q

Details of stage 2 cervical cancer

A

Cancer expands beyond cervix but not on lateral pelvic wall

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7
Q

Details of stage 3 cervical cancer

A

Cancer extends onto pelvic side wall

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8
Q

Details of stage 4 cervical cancer

A

Spread onto bladder and/or rectal mucosa (4a) or spread to distant organs (4b)

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9
Q

Treatment of different stages of cervical cancer

A

Stage 1 and 2 - surgery

Stage 3 and 4 - chemotherapy

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10
Q

What is Mittelschmerz

A

Lower one-sided abdominal pain on ovulation

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11
Q

Eczema synonym

A

Dermatitis

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12
Q

What is oppositional defiant disorder

A

Not as severe as conduct disorder, usually used for younger children - effectively difficult behaviour which affects functioning

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13
Q

What is eczema commonly complicated by?

A

Staphylococcal infection

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14
Q

Where does discoid eczema commonly affect?

A

Mostly lower legs but can go to arms and all over

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15
Q

Hormonal level differences in conduct disorder x2

A

Have lower cortisol levels therefore less scared when doing these behaviours
Also increased testosterone levels

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16
Q

Incidence of depression in young children

A

Very unlikely

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17
Q

In which children is depression usually diagnosed x2

A

Either very strong family history affective disorder or childhood abuse

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18
Q

Behavioural changes in depression in teenagers

A

Tend to overeat and over sleep rather than normal decrease in these activities

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19
Q

When must autism symptoms be present

A

Throughout life and in all situations

20
Q

What is McCune-Albright Syndrome - 3 features

A

Genetic syndrome with at least 2 of 3 of polyostotic fibrous dysplasia (advanced bone age), cafe au lait skin pigmentation, autonomous endocrine hyperfunction (gonadotrophin independent precocious puberty)

21
Q

What is pubarche?

A

Development of pubic hair, axillary hair and body odour

22
Q

What is thelarche

A

Development of breasts - with/without bleeding

23
Q

Definition of premature sexual maturation according to pubarche

A

Before 9 years old

24
Q

Definition of PSM according to thelarche

A

Before 8 years old

25
Q

What hormones cause pubarche and thelarche?

A

Androgens cause pubarche and oestrogens cause thelarche

26
Q

Androgenic causes of PSM x3

A

Early physiological adrenarche (common)
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (rare)
Tumours (v.rare)

27
Q

Oestrogenic causes of PSM/thelarche x3

A

Normal variant of oestrogen activity (common)
True precocious puberty
Tumour (v.rare)

28
Q

PSM according to puberty age

A

Before age 8 in girls or 9 in boys

29
Q

Ethnic variation in puberty timing

A

US Black younger than US white which is younger than UK white

30
Q

Signs of male puberty

A

Penis/testes/scrotum growth

Pubic and axillary hair and body odour

31
Q

Signs of female puberty

A

Breast development, PV bleed

Pubic and axillary hair and body odour

32
Q

Risk with precocious pathological puberty

A

Early fast growth can limit final height - not if physiological

33
Q

Investigation of PSM - urine x2

A

Urinary steroid profile done in everyone - to exclude steroid synthesis disorder
24hr USP - for tumour vs adrenarche (if seriously suspect tumour)

34
Q

Other investigations in PSM

A

Serum androgens - to characterise severity post diagnosis

35
Q

What does 21-hydroxylase deficiency cause?

A

Intersex disorder

Virilized female

36
Q

What is elevated in 21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

CAH, elevated ACTH

37
Q

TTT of 21-hydroxylase deficiency

A

Replace cortisol and mineralocorticoid

38
Q

True precocious puberty gender incidence

A

F»M

5-10:1

39
Q

Cause of gender incidence of precocious puberty

A

Constitutional is more common in women and pathological is more common in males

40
Q

Two types of pathological precocious puberty

A

Gonadotrophin-dependant (central eg. tumour) or gonadotrophin independent (peripheral eg. autonomous gonads)

41
Q

What does hypothalamic hamartoma cause?

A

Precocious puberty - “infant hercules”

42
Q

How long do you correct for gestational age in babies born

A

At least up until 1-2 years old

43
Q

How long do you correct for gestational age in babies born

A

At least 2 years

44
Q

Definition of short stature

A
45
Q

Hormones which can contribute to short stature

A

Hypothyroidism
GH deficiency
Cortisol - cushings

Paediatrics (16 decks)

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