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9th Grade Biology > Notes 6 - The Prokaryotic Kingdom > Flashcards

Notes 6 - The Prokaryotic Kingdom Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence suggests that there existed, about _____________ years ago, a single common ancestor for all of life that exists today.

A

3.8 billion

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2
Q

This common ancestor was ________ _________ and without __________ (prokaryotes)

A

This common ancestor was SINGLE CELLED and without ORGANELLES (prokaryotes)

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3
Q

What was the last universal common ancestor?

A

Luca

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4
Q

The LUCA (last universal common ancestor) divided to form ancestors of the 2 major groups of prokaryotes that exist today. What are those two groups?

A
  1. Eubacteria Kingdom
  2. Archaea Kingdom
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5
Q

Eubacteria Kingdom

All are

A

All are PROKARYOTES

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6
Q

What is Prokaryotes?

A

A PROKARYOTES cell does not have internal, bubble-like compartments (organelles) that perform certain jobs, and is a smaller, simpler cell type than those types of cells that do have these compartments

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7
Q

All Prokaryote Cells have

A
  1. a single DNA structure, called a
    chromosome (eukaryotic cells
    have multiple chromosomes)
  2. ribosomes →
    ▪ multimolecular complexes
    (made of multiple
    molecules*, but not nearly
    as big as an organelle)
    ▪ used in making important
    cellular molecules
  3. a cell wall
  • Molecules are combinations of atoms
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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a single DNA structure

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9
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Multi-molecular complexes (made of multiple molecules, but mot as big as an organelle) and used in making important cellular molecules.

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10
Q

Prokaryotes can be __________ (floating in water, living on skin, etc.) and some are __________.

A

Prokaryotes can be SESSILE (floating in water, living on skin, etc.) and some are SWIMMERS.

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11
Q

How many tails does a Motile Prokaryotes have? (1)

Or Motile Prokaryotes have many extensions used for swimming called (2)

A

(1) Motile prokaryotes have one or a few long tails.

Flagelia - a few long tails
Flagellum - a single long tail

(2) Cilia

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12
Q

Bacteria reproduce using a method called _______.

A

Binary Fission

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13
Q

What is Binary Fission

A

Parent cell grows big + builds extra parts → divides to make two
daughter cells

Asexual reproduction produces clones

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14
Q

Bacteria play important roles within food webs and ecosystems, some
as ________ and some as ________.

A

Autotrophs

Hetertrophs

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15
Q

What are Autotrophs?

A

Autotrophs are able to
obtain energy and
elements from abiotic
sources using processes
such as photosynthesis*

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16
Q

What are Hetertrophs?

A

Hetertrophs must
absorb or ingest
energy and elements
from biotic sources

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17
Q

Bacteria is important in many ways. List 3 ways bacteria are important ?

A
  1. Decoposers,
  2. Oxygen Producers,
  3. Food Source
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18
Q

Photosynthetic bacteria is called

A

cyanobacteria

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19
Q
  1. All prokaryotes are _____________________. They consist of a single ________________
    cell. This type of cell does not have ______________.
A
  1. All prokaryotes are unicellular. They consist of a single prokaryotic
    cell. This type of cell does not have organelles.
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20
Q

What are the structures called in which cells package DNA? What are two different ways in
which you find these structures in prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells? (Hint – for 1,
think location)

A

Chromosomes what cell packages in DNA are called. Its Eukaryotic, and you find it in the nucleus.

21
Q

What kind of cell does not have ribosomes? What do ribosomes do?

A

All cells have ribosomes, ribosomes make other molocules.

22
Q

. In regard to how they obtain energy and elements, bacterial parasites and decomposers are
categorized as ________________ (also called _______________). On the other hand,
cyanobacteria are ____________________ (also called __________________).

A

. In regard to how they obtain energy and elements, bacterial parasites and decomposers are
categorized as Heterotroph (also called consumers). On the other hand,
cyanobacteria are Autotrophs (also called producers).

23
Q

Some bacteria are able to be motile because they have one or more _____. The only cell
humans make with this structure is the ______________.

A

Some bacteria are able to be motile because they have one or more flagellia. The only cell
humans make with this structure is the sperm cell.

24
Q

Bacteria performs many positive roles. List a few.

A

Food web, bacteria in digestive tract, medicines.

25
Q

On a healthy human there are more bacteria cells on you and in your _____________ than there are cells on you.

A

On a healthy human there are more bacteria cells on you and in your DIGESTIVE TRACT than there are cells on you.

26
Q

Good bacteria populate the surface of bodies, cleaning oils and keeping away _______ _________.

A

Good bacteria populate the surface of bodies, cleaning oils and keeping away BAD BACTERIA.

27
Q

Bacteria populaate our digestive tract, aiding in digestion and producing some compounds we need such as ________.

A

Bacteria populaate our digestive tract, aiding in digestion and producing some compounds we need such as VITAMINS.

28
Q

Bacteria have been
scientifically
manipulated to make?

A
  1. Medicines
  2. Industrial chemicals
  3. Decompose pollutants
29
Q

Bacteria important for negative reasons as well.

A

Spoiled Food
Infecting animals
Infecting crops
Disease in humans

Treatment to prevent disease in crops and animals cost billions of dollars.

30
Q

Bacterial infections in humans can often be treated with a class of medicine called _________.

A

antibiotics

although not all people in the world have access to antibiotics and bacterial infections kill millions of humans every year.

31
Q

Antibiotics are:

A

A group of medicines that inhibit the multiplication of bacteria after infection. (Keeps bacteria from spreading) .

32
Q

How do antibiotics kill bacteria and stop from spreading?

A
  1. Disrupts cell walls so bacteria cells pop
  2. Stops DNA replication
  3. Stops production of protein synthesis bacteria need
33
Q

What type of cells are so different from ours that the chemical antibiotics dont hurt humans?

A

Prokaryotic cells

34
Q

What is a biome?

A

A “biome” is a large, naturally
occurring community of
organisms, occupying a
particular habitat.

34
Q

What is the bacteria called that colonize your body?

A

microbiome

35
Q

What are prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes – unicellular
organisms whose one
cell has a cell wall, a
single chromosome
and ribosomes, but
does not have
organelles
Anatomy of the Animal Cell

36
Q

What are Eukaryotes

A

Eukaryotes – unicellular and
multicellular organisms with cells
that have organelles, multiple
chromosomes, ribosomes, and
some kingdoms and groups
with cell walls and some without

37
Q

Bacteria have been
extensively used in
research to learn
about what two things?

A
  1. Cell Genetics
  2. Evolution
38
Q

7 diseases caused by bacteria?

A
  1. Flesh eating disease
  2. Staph infection
  3. Meningitis
  4. Pneumonia
  5. Tuberculosis
  6. Cholera
  7. Dysentery
39
Q

What are a few antibiotics?

A
  1. Penicillin (disrupts cell walls, derived from fungus)
  2. Tetracycline
  3. Streptomycin
  4. Erythromycin (disrupts protein synthesis; derived from bacteria)
40
Q

What is Antibiotic Resistance?

A

Because antibiotics are overused, bacteria are rapidly evolving
resistance to our most common
antibiotics

41
Q

Flesh eating disease

A

Flesh-eating disease occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin. Typically our immune system can defeat just by putting Neosporin on the wound, but some people with a weakened immune system can be at greater risk of developing this condition.

42
Q

Staph Infection

A

Staph can be spread person-to-person and is very contagious.
Common symptoms include boils and oozing blisters. Skin infection.

43
Q

Meningitus

A

Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.

44
Q

Pneumonia

A

Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.

45
Q

Tuberculosis

A

A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. Spreads when someone coughs or sneezes

46
Q

Cholera

A

A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water.

47
Q

Dysentary

A

Inflammation of the intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhea.

9th Grade Biology (11 decks)

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