Notes 6 - The Prokaryotic Kingdom Flashcards
Evidence suggests that there existed, about _____________ years ago, a single common ancestor for all of life that exists today.
3.8 billion
This common ancestor was ________ _________ and without __________ (prokaryotes)
This common ancestor was SINGLE CELLED and without ORGANELLES (prokaryotes)
What was the last universal common ancestor?
Luca
The LUCA (last universal common ancestor) divided to form ancestors of the 2 major groups of prokaryotes that exist today. What are those two groups?
- Eubacteria Kingdom
- Archaea Kingdom
Eubacteria Kingdom
All are
All are PROKARYOTES
What is Prokaryotes?
A PROKARYOTES cell does not have internal, bubble-like compartments (organelles) that perform certain jobs, and is a smaller, simpler cell type than those types of cells that do have these compartments
All Prokaryote Cells have
- a single DNA structure, called a
chromosome (eukaryotic cells
have multiple chromosomes) - ribosomes →
▪ multimolecular complexes
(made of multiple
molecules*, but not nearly
as big as an organelle)
▪ used in making important
cellular molecules - a cell wall
- Molecules are combinations of atoms
What is a chromosome?
a single DNA structure
What are ribosomes?
Multi-molecular complexes (made of multiple molecules, but mot as big as an organelle) and used in making important cellular molecules.
Prokaryotes can be __________ (floating in water, living on skin, etc.) and some are __________.
Prokaryotes can be SESSILE (floating in water, living on skin, etc.) and some are SWIMMERS.
How many tails does a Motile Prokaryotes have? (1)
Or Motile Prokaryotes have many extensions used for swimming called (2)
(1) Motile prokaryotes have one or a few long tails.
Flagelia - a few long tails
Flagellum - a single long tail
(2) Cilia
Bacteria reproduce using a method called _______.
Binary Fission
What is Binary Fission
Parent cell grows big + builds extra parts → divides to make two
daughter cells
Asexual reproduction produces clones
Bacteria play important roles within food webs and ecosystems, some
as ________ and some as ________.
Autotrophs
Hetertrophs
What are Autotrophs?
Autotrophs are able to
obtain energy and
elements from abiotic
sources using processes
such as photosynthesis*
What are Hetertrophs?
Hetertrophs must
absorb or ingest
energy and elements
from biotic sources
Bacteria is important in many ways. List 3 ways bacteria are important ?
- Decoposers,
- Oxygen Producers,
- Food Source
Photosynthetic bacteria is called
cyanobacteria
- All prokaryotes are _____________________. They consist of a single ________________
cell. This type of cell does not have ______________.
- All prokaryotes are unicellular. They consist of a single prokaryotic
cell. This type of cell does not have organelles.
What are the structures called in which cells package DNA? What are two different ways in
which you find these structures in prokaryotic versus eukaryotic cells? (Hint – for 1,
think location)
Chromosomes what cell packages in DNA are called. Its Eukaryotic, and you find it in the nucleus.
What kind of cell does not have ribosomes? What do ribosomes do?
All cells have ribosomes, ribosomes make other molocules.
. In regard to how they obtain energy and elements, bacterial parasites and decomposers are
categorized as ________________ (also called _______________). On the other hand,
cyanobacteria are ____________________ (also called __________________).
. In regard to how they obtain energy and elements, bacterial parasites and decomposers are
categorized as Heterotroph (also called consumers). On the other hand,
cyanobacteria are Autotrophs (also called producers).
Some bacteria are able to be motile because they have one or more _____. The only cell
humans make with this structure is the ______________.
Some bacteria are able to be motile because they have one or more flagellia. The only cell
humans make with this structure is the sperm cell.
Bacteria performs many positive roles. List a few.
Food web, bacteria in digestive tract, medicines.
On a healthy human there are more bacteria cells on you and in your _____________ than there are cells on you.
On a healthy human there are more bacteria cells on you and in your DIGESTIVE TRACT than there are cells on you.
Good bacteria populate the surface of bodies, cleaning oils and keeping away _______ _________.
Good bacteria populate the surface of bodies, cleaning oils and keeping away BAD BACTERIA.
Bacteria populaate our digestive tract, aiding in digestion and producing some compounds we need such as ________.
Bacteria populaate our digestive tract, aiding in digestion and producing some compounds we need such as VITAMINS.
Bacteria have been
scientifically
manipulated to make?
- Medicines
- Industrial chemicals
- Decompose pollutants
Bacteria important for negative reasons as well.
Spoiled Food
Infecting animals
Infecting crops
Disease in humans
Treatment to prevent disease in crops and animals cost billions of dollars.
Bacterial infections in humans can often be treated with a class of medicine called _________.
antibiotics
although not all people in the world have access to antibiotics and bacterial infections kill millions of humans every year.
Antibiotics are:
A group of medicines that inhibit the multiplication of bacteria after infection. (Keeps bacteria from spreading) .
How do antibiotics kill bacteria and stop from spreading?
- Disrupts cell walls so bacteria cells pop
- Stops DNA replication
- Stops production of protein synthesis bacteria need
What type of cells are so different from ours that the chemical antibiotics dont hurt humans?
Prokaryotic cells
What is a biome?
A “biome” is a large, naturally
occurring community of
organisms, occupying a
particular habitat.
What is the bacteria called that colonize your body?
microbiome
What are prokaryotes
Prokaryotes – unicellular
organisms whose one
cell has a cell wall, a
single chromosome
and ribosomes, but
does not have
organelles
Anatomy of the Animal Cell
What are Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes – unicellular and
multicellular organisms with cells
that have organelles, multiple
chromosomes, ribosomes, and
some kingdoms and groups
with cell walls and some without
Bacteria have been
extensively used in
research to learn
about what two things?
- Cell Genetics
- Evolution
7 diseases caused by bacteria?
- Flesh eating disease
- Staph infection
- Meningitis
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- Cholera
- Dysentery
What are a few antibiotics?
- Penicillin (disrupts cell walls, derived from fungus)
- Tetracycline
- Streptomycin
- Erythromycin (disrupts protein synthesis; derived from bacteria)
What is Antibiotic Resistance?
Because antibiotics are overused, bacteria are rapidly evolving
resistance to our most common
antibiotics
Flesh eating disease
Flesh-eating disease occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin. Typically our immune system can defeat just by putting Neosporin on the wound, but some people with a weakened immune system can be at greater risk of developing this condition.
Staph Infection
Staph can be spread person-to-person and is very contagious.
Common symptoms include boils and oozing blisters. Skin infection.
Meningitus
Inflammation of brain and spinal cord membranes, typically caused by an infection.
Pneumonia
Infection that inflames air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.
Tuberculosis
A potentially serious infectious bacterial disease that mainly affects the lungs. Spreads when someone coughs or sneezes
Cholera
A bacterial disease causing severe diarrhea and dehydration, usually spread in water.
Dysentary
Inflammation of the intestines accompanied by bloody diarrhea.
