Note taker's notes Flashcards
1
Q
What physical reaction did the girl have when she heard about Terry Fox?
A
Strong fear of amputations
This reaction was unconscious and led to hypervigilance in public.
2
Q
What therapy was used to help the girl with her fear of amputations?
A
Exposure therapy
This therapy helps individuals confront and reduce their fears.
3
Q
In Plato’s chariot driver analogy, what does the chariot driver represent?
A
The rational part of you
The horses symbolize feelings and desires.
4
Q
How does the chariot driver analogy relate to anxiety disorders?
A
It illustrates the conflict between logical understanding and strong feelings
The girl knew logically she shouldn’t fear amputations, yet she experienced strong feelings.
5
Q
What is the body’s alarm system associated with fear?
A
Fear is the body’s alarm system
It motivates us to act, such as running away or confronting threats.
6
Q
What example illustrates the importance of fear for safety?
A
Encountering a bear in the woods
Lack of fear in dangerous situations can lead to harmful outcomes.
7
Q
What activity helps children understand their fears?
A
Drawing a picture of themselves and discussing their feelings
This normalizes their experiences and shows fear can be uncomfortable but not dangerous.
8
Q
What concept is framed as practicing bravery in children?
A
Continuing forward even when afraid
This approach helps change how they feel over time.
9
Q
What was the reason for referral for Jade?
A
Experiencing anxiety at school
Jade is age 7 and was referred by Dr. Ying.
10
Q
What does being in the bottom 5% in writing and reading suggest about Jade?
A
She likely has a learning disability
This can explain the anxiety felt at school.
11
Q
What is essential to address in Jade’s case besides anxiety?
A
The learning disability
It is a true alarm indicating a real problem.
12
Q
What are some diagnoses directly implicating fear in the DSM-5-TR?
A
- Specific Phobia
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Agoraphobia
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Selective Mutism
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
- Hoarding Disorder
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Acute Stress Disorder
- Adjustment Disorder with Anxiety
- Illness Anxiety Disorder
These diagnoses highlight various anxiety-related conditions.
13
Q
What are some diagnoses related to fear in the DSM-5-TR?
A
- Body dysmorphic disorder
- Anorexia/Bulimia
- Psychotic Disorders
- Substance Use Disorders
- Conduct/Opposition Defiant Disorder
- Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Insomnia
- Nightmare Disorder
- Autism Spectrum
These conditions may not directly involve fear but are related to it.
14
Q
What is the anxiety cycle?
A
A series of steps that illustrate the process of experiencing anxiety, including interpretation of fear and safety behaviors.
15
Q
Who developed the Coping Cat method?
A
Phillip Kendall.
16
Q
What is a key component of the Coping Cat method?
A
Facing the fear.
17
Q
What are safety behaviors?
A
Actions taken to prevent a feared outcome, which can include physical behaviors and mental strategies.
18
Q
Give examples of safety behaviors in response to the fear of a cat.
A
- Staring at the cat
- Leaving the room
- Not moving
- Scream.
19
Q
What is the effect of running away from a fear?
A
It prevents the opportunity to change the interpretation of the fear.
20
Q
How can some safety behaviors paradoxically reinforce fear?
A
By avoiding the feared situation, the individual never learns that there is no threat.
21
Q
What are the two categories of animal-related fears?
A
- Fears of harm
- Disgust-related fears.
22
Q
What is reassurance seeking?
A
Asking the same question repeatedly, often about unknowable information.
23
Q
What is information seeking?
A
Asking the same question repeatedly to someone who knows the answer.
24
Q
What is an example of a feared animal in the text?
A
House centipede.
25
What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?
Facing the worst version of the fear first.
26
What should one prepare for before an exposure?
To feel anxious and expect a high level of fear.
27
What is the recommended attitude towards anxiety during exposure?
Lean into it and say 'bring it on.'
28
What should be avoided during exposure therapy?
Safety behaviors such as special breathing techniques or using fast-acting anxiety medications.
29
What is SUDS?
Subjective Units of Distress Scale, measuring anxiety during exposure.
30
Why do clinicians ask for SUDS ratings?
To assess anxiety levels before and during exposure and to track progress.
31
What is the importance of surprising experiences during exposure therapy?
They help encode positive memories of tolerating fear.
32
What types of fears fall under environmental fears?
* Fear of weather
* Lightning storms
* Tornadoes.
33
What are common safety behaviors for environmental fears?
* Repeated checking of weather apps
* Hypervigilance to clouds and rain
* Refusing to go for walks in light rain.
34
What type of fear does driving off a cliff represent?
Fear of environmental hazards.
35
What is likely the cause if you're experiencing a life-threatening emergency feeling?
Panic disorder
## Footnote
Panic disorder involves interpreting normal bodily sensations as signs of severe health issues.
36
What do individuals often misinterpret as a heart attack during panic disorder?
Normal signs of arousal, such as a faster heartbeat and adrenaline
## Footnote
This misinterpretation leads to intense fear.
37
If someone believes they have an undiscovered medical disorder over a long period, what is this likely related to?
A health concern
## Footnote
This can involve repeated visits to the doctor for reassurance.
38
In OCD, what obsessional fear might lead a person to misinterpret body cues?
Fear of having a pedophilic interest in children
## Footnote
This can involve misinterpreting anxiety as sexual arousal.
39
What can happen when people become phobically afraid of physical sensations?
They may avoid situations that trigger these sensations
## Footnote
This avoidance reinforces their fears.
40
What is an example of a trauma-related fear?
Fear of 4-way stops due to a previous accident
## Footnote
Safety behaviors may inadvertently increase risk.
41
What is a common safety behavior for someone afraid of 4-way stops?
Letting everyone go first
## Footnote
This can lead to accidents instead of preventing them.
42
What specific fear is often associated with blood, injections, and injuries?
Fear of fainting
## Footnote
Fainting here is due to physical responses, not fear itself.
43
What technique can help someone who fears fainting during blood draws?
Applied tension
## Footnote
This involves tensing the body except for the area where blood is drawn.
44
What are common fears related to injections?
Overwhelming pain, needle insertion, needle removal, needle breaking in the arm
## Footnote
These fears can lead to avoidance of necessary medical procedures.
45
What is a common social fear experienced by individuals?
Fear of being judged or embarrassed
## Footnote
This often leads to self-focused attention during interactions.
46
What is post-event processing in social situations?
Replaying conversations in one's mind after they occur
## Footnote
This often leads to distorted perceptions of how one was perceived.
47
List some common social safety behaviors.
* Sitting in the back row of class
* Remaining silent in social situations
* Escaping at the first available opportunity
* Avoiding eye contact
* Saying as few words as possible when spoken to
* Speaking quietly
* Deflecting conversation topics away from self
* Being unusually polite and excessively accommodating
* Keeping trembling hands in pockets
* Applying makeup to conceal blushing
* Wearing clothing to hide sweating
* Excessively rehearsing speeches or conversations
* Using alcohol or drugs to reduce anxiety
## Footnote
These behaviors often backfire and undermine social interactions.
48
What is a common misconception about people with strong social anxiety?
They lack social skills
## Footnote
In reality, their safety behaviors interfere with their confidence and social competence.
49
What does 'generalized anxiety' often involve?
Worrying
## Footnote
Worrying can be seen as a way to find solutions, motivate action, and protect from negative emotions.
50
True or False: Worrying can represent a positive personality trait.
True
## Footnote
Many people believe that worrying has protective and motivational benefits.
51
What does the simulation of shaking hands with honey illustrate in the context of OCD?
It shows how things can seem contaminated with OCD
52
What are the typical sensations experienced by individuals with contamination fears before washing?
Attention before washing, sensations on the hands, and a real sense of relief after washing
53
What is the reinforcing aspect of the OCD cycle?
The relief experienced after performing compulsions
54
In OCD, what do individuals start believing about their thoughts?
That thinking a thought means it will happen and they will be responsible for it
55
Name one famous individual who has been identified as having OCD.
JK Rowling
56
What historical figure is associated with obsessive-compulsive behaviors in their writings?
Martin Luther
57
Which saint experienced intrusive doubting and compulsive confessing?
St. Ignatius of Loyola
58
What common themes does OCD tend to grab onto at different times?
* Religion
* Sexuality
* Harm
* Violence
59
What is the DSM-5-TR criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both
60
How are obsessions defined in the context of OCD?
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that are intrusive and unwanted
61
What are compulsions aimed at in OCD?
Preventing or reducing anxiety or distress
62
What is an example of a compulsion in OCD?
Hand washing
63
How time-consuming must obsessions or compulsions be to meet DSM-5-TR criteria?
Take more than 1 hour per day
64
What happens to discomfort (anxiety) in individuals with OCD?
It goes up and they attempt to bring it down with compulsions
65
What is a key characteristic of OCD in terms of thoughts?
It tries to control a normal thought
66
What is a notable case study example of an obsession related to contamination?
Gilbert's obsession: 'I am contaminated'
67
List some compulsions that Gilbert performs.
* Washing hands
* Showering
* Wearing gloves
68
What avoidance behaviors does Gilbert exhibit?
* Won't touch light switches
* Won't hug family members
* Won't use public washrooms
69
What is Kelly's obsession related to self-harm?
'I could kill myself'
70
What type of compulsion does Kelly engage in?
Rumination and checking of feelings
71
What avoidance behaviors does Kelly exhibit?
* Won't be home alone
* Won't go near windows
* Won't use sharp knives
72
True or False: Kelly is very likely to actually harm herself.
False
73
In the context of OCD, how are avoidance and compulsions functionally similar?
Both are strategies to cope with anxiety
74
What is an example of an obsession in Mary’s case?
Urge to push a stranger into traffic
## Footnote
This illustrates a specific intrusive thought characteristic of OCD.
75
What are some compulsions exhibited by Mary?
Rumination, reassuring herself, picturing happy thoughts, rigid prayer
## Footnote
These behaviors are attempts to alleviate anxiety caused by obsessions.
76
What avoidance behaviors does Mary exhibit?
Keep distance from strangers, keep hands hooked on backpack, avoid areas with heavy traffic
## Footnote
Avoidance is a common strategy to reduce anxiety in OCD.
77
What is obsessional doubting in OCD?
Compulsively using checking behaviors
## Footnote
This behavior reinforces the intrusive thoughts and leads to increased distress.
78
What is scrupulosity OCD?
OCD related to religious beliefs
## Footnote
Individuals may consult religious authorities, who might disagree with their obsessions.
79
True or False: People with OCD can jump between different categories of obsessions over time.
True
## Footnote
This highlights the fluid nature of OCD symptoms.
80
What is an example of a hand washing compulsion?
Hand washing 15 times in a row in one session
## Footnote
This demonstrates the excessive nature of compulsions in OCD.
81
Fill in the blank: Hand washing can serve to reduce feelings of _______.
contamination
## Footnote
This is a common motivation behind compulsive washing behaviors.
82
What might individuals with OCD believe about their intrusive thoughts?
They believe the thoughts are significant and require action to prevent them
## Footnote
This contrasts with those without OCD, who do not interpret such thoughts as significant.
83
What type of sharing can be helpful for individuals with OCD?
Confessing the thought in a non-compulsive way
## Footnote
Sharing experiences can help normalize their feelings and reduce isolation.
84
What can functional impairment from OCD interfere with?
School, work, relationships, family, normal developmental experiences
## Footnote
This can significantly impact an individual's daily life and activities.
85
What percentage of the general population is estimated to have OCD in a given year?
Approximately 1%
## Footnote
This statistic reflects the prevalence of OCD among children.
86
At what age does OCD typically have an onset in males?
Early adolescence to mid-20s
## Footnote
Males tend to start exhibiting symptoms earlier than females.
87
What is the comorbidity rate of anxiety disorders before OCD?
76% lifetime diagnosis
## Footnote
This indicates a high prevalence of anxiety disorders among those diagnosed with OCD.
88
What is the first-line treatment for OCD according to NICE guidelines?
CBT with exposure and response prevention (ERP)
## Footnote
This treatment must be specialized for OCD, not generalized CBT.
89
What should be considered for more severe OCD cases?
Adding SSRI drug treatment
## Footnote
SSRIs can be effective but are not recommended as the sole treatment for children and adolescents.
90
What is a common emotional driver of compulsions besides fear?
Guilt, shame, and disgust
## Footnote
These emotions can perpetuate the cycle of compulsions in OCD.
91
What is the logic of the intervention for OCD?
Exposure to the obsession or confronting the obsession through a stimulus
## Footnote
For example, seeing a rope for someone with suicidal obsessions
92
What does response prevention involve in the context of OCD?
Not engaging in safety behaviors
## Footnote
Safety behaviors are actions taken to prevent feared outcomes
93
What is the purpose of altering misinterpretations in OCD treatment?
To provide psychoeducation and challenge distorted thoughts
## Footnote
This can include showing lists of common thoughts or recording confessions
94
How can OCD be analogized to a school bully?
Giving the bully your lunch is like performing compulsions
## Footnote
Standing up to the bully represents resisting compulsions
95
What is necessary to face fears according to the analogy of jumping into cold water?
You must jump in and face it without waiting to feel comfortable
## Footnote
This emphasizes the need for exposure despite discomfort
96
What does not work in treating OCD?
Engaging with the content of the obsessions
## Footnote
Other ineffective methods include providing reassurance and distraction alone
97
In Gilbert's case study, what exposure was used?
Touching a light switch and delaying washing
## Footnote
Over time, distress decreases with repeated exposure
98
What was one of the exposures in Kelly's case study?
Repeating the intrusive thought in a song or backward
## Footnote
This approach helps normalize the thought and reduces its power
99
What technique was used to help Kelly not engage with her intrusive thoughts?
Holding a knife while thinking the feared thought
## Footnote
This exposure allows her to confront the thought without performing compulsions
100
What is the main issue with Kelly's obsession according to her treatment?
She was engaging with the thought all day
## Footnote
The goal was to allow her to dismiss the thought casually
101
In Mary's case study, what exposure was performed?
Standing next to a stranger in busy traffic while thinking 'I could push them'
## Footnote
This exposure involves facing the intrusive thought without acting on it
102
What are cognitive tests usually made up of?
Subtests
103
What does the percentile rank indicate?
What percentage of the norm group would fall above or below a certain score
104
What does a score at the 90th percentile mean?
90% of the norm group scored lower than you
105
What is the 50th percentile also called?
Age expectant score
106
What does the 50th percentile represent?
Half the sample scored lower, the other half scored higher
107
What is the opposite end of the 90th percentile?
10th percentile
108
What does the 1st percentile indicate?
1% of the sample would obtain similar scores
109
Where do learning disabilities typically fall in terms of percentile?
1st percentile
110
Who typically assesses learning disabilities?
Psychologists
111
What criteria do psychologists refer to for learning disabilities?
DSM and Ontario psychological association guidelines
112
What is assessed in part A of the criteria for learning disabilities?
History of academic functioning, including report cards back to grade 1
113
What is a common observation about reading and writing?
They are technologies, not acquired abilities like walking or talking
114
What is often seen in individuals with learning disabilities regarding reading and oral language?
Dissociation between ability to read and oral language
115
What should intelligence or cognitive scores be for typical learning disability assessment?
Average or above
116
What might low academic and cognitive scores indicate?
Intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning
117
What should be considered if someone recently arrived in Canada with a different language?
Cannot frame it as a learning disability due to insufficient input
118
What does a report card indicate about a child's capabilities?
It doesn't necessarily reflect their ability to complete work or the amount they've learned compared to peers.
## Footnote
This highlights the importance of the WIAT to assess a child's abilities.
119
What does the 19th percentile indicate in terms of student performance?
1 in 5 kids perform at this level.
120
What does the 8th percentile indicate in terms of student performance?
About 1 in 10 kids perform at this level.
121
What are some possible explanations for low academic scores?
* Didn’t sleep enough
* Stressed about tests
* Didn’t try hard enough
122
What does it mean if cognitive scores do not align with academic testing results?
It may indicate a learning disability.
123
What is necessary for diagnosing a learning disability?
An estimate of cognitive ability must be obtained.
124
What are some common comorbidities associated with learning disabilities?
* ADHD
* Disruptive behaviour disorders
* Depression
* Anxiety
125
What is the first step in intervention for learning disabilities?
Early identification and intensive intervention (remediation).
126
What is an example of an intensive intervention for reading?
The Empower reading intervention.
127
What is the second step if problems persist after initial interventions?
Assess progress and provide accommodations.
128
What are some examples of accommodations for learning disabilities?
* Calculator
* Screen reader
* Voice-to-text
* Word processor with spelling/grammar correction
129
What does adaptive functioning include?
Everyday skills such as taking the bus, dressing, eating, and personal hygiene.
130
What is the purpose of the Adaptive Behaviour Assessment System, third edition?
To show evidence of challenges in adaptive functioning.
131
What defines intellectual giftedness?
Being in the top 2% of a sample on a cognitive test.
132
What cognitive score percentile indicates giftedness?
98th percentile or around 1 in 50.
133
Why might cognitive testing be administered to a gifted child?
To determine if they are learning differently and quicker than peers.
134
What is a potential risk factor for low mood in children with autism?
Being more aware of how the world and society aren't accommodating.
135
What is indicated by a WIAT profile for a gifted child?
They may have very high cognitive scores but low academic scores.
136
What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities at the 1st percentile?
1 in 100.
137
What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities at the 0.1st percentile?
1 in 1000.
138
In learning disabilities, what is expected regarding cognitive and academic testing levels?
Similar low levels in both cognitive and academic testing.
139
What is a specific learning disorder as per DSM guidelines?
A diagnosis that follows specific criteria for learning disabilities.
140
What does the balance theory define wisdom as?
The use of one’s intelligence, creativity, common sense, and knowledge mediated by positive ethical values toward the achievement of a common good
141
Which interests are balanced according to the balance theory of wisdom?
* Intrapersonal
* Interpersonal
* Extrapersonal (community) interests
142
What are the time frames considered in the balance theory of wisdom?
* Short term
* Long term
143
What three aspects must be balanced in wisdom according to the balance theory?
* Adaptation to existing environments
* Shaping of existing environments
* Selection of new environments
144
What types of decisions might require the use of wisdom?
* Choosing what to do after graduating
* Deciding whether to stay in a relationship or not
145
True or False: According to Sternberg, one can prioritize all aspects of wisdom at once.
False
146
What does gaining wisdom involve according to Sternberg?
Improving one's ability to make balanced decisions over time
147
Fill in the blank: Wisdom is the use of intelligence, creativity, common sense, and knowledge mediated by _______.
[positive ethical values]
148
What is a key process involved in making wise decisions?
Calling upon one's wisdom when torn between decisions
149
According to the balance theory, can wisdom be developed over time?
Yes, some people get better at this over time
150
What does the balance theory suggest one must choose between?
Adapting to the environment, shaping the environment, or changing the environment entirely
151
What is the definition of a tic?
A tic is a sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movement or vocalization
## Footnote
Tics are associated with a feeling of relief and are not connected to a thought, rather a sensation or urge.
152
What are the diagnostic criteria for Tourette's disorder?
A. Both multiple motor and one or more vocal tics have been present at some time during the illness
B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset
C. Onset is before age 18 years
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
## Footnote
Examples of physiological effects include those from substances like cocaine or conditions like Huntington's disease.
153
What distinguishes Persistent (chronic) motor or vocal tic disorder from Tourette's disorder?
A. Single or multiple motor or vocal tics have been present during the illness, but not both motor and vocal
B. The tics may wax and wane in frequency but have persisted for more than 1 year since first tic onset
C. Onset is before age 18 years
D. The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition
E. Criteria have never been met for Tourette’s disorder
## Footnote
Specify if with motor tics only or with vocal tics only.
154
What are the characteristics of tic disorders?
Tics are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations that wax and wane in severity
## Footnote
Tics usually begin pre-puberty and have a heritability of 70-85%.
155
What is the prevalence of Tourette's disorder in school-aged children in Canada?
Tourette's disorder occurs in 3 to 9 per 1000 children
## Footnote
Males are diagnosed more often than females at a ratio of 2 to 4:1.
156
What is Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention for Tics (CBIT)?
CBIT is based on habit reversal training (HRT), involving functional analysis, attention training, and competing responses
## Footnote
Competing responses are specific actions to perform while experiencing the urge to tic.
157
What is Trichotillomania?
Trichotillomania is a hair-pulling disorder characterized by recurrent pulling out of one's hair, resulting in hair loss
## Footnote
It is related to the body's endogenous reward system.
158
What are the criteria for diagnosing Trichotillomania?
A. Recurrent pulling out of one's hair, resulting in hair loss
B. Repeated attempts to decrease or stop hair pulling
C. Causing clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning
D. Not attributable to another medical condition
E. Not better explained by another mental disorder
## Footnote
Examples of other mental disorders include body dysmorphic disorder.
159
What are common areas for hair pulling in Trichotillomania?
More common: scalp, eyebrows, eyelids
Less common: underarm, facial, pubic
## Footnote
Hair-related rituals may include touching hair to lips or eating it.
160
What is the significance of the premonitory sensation in tic disorders?
A premonitory sensation is a local uncomfortable sensation that precedes the tic
## Footnote
It often triggers the urge to perform the tic.
161
What is the behavioral intervention for Enuresis?
Wetness alarm, which alerts the child to wetness and helps them wake up
## Footnote
This intervention is designed to assist children who may not wake up or sense wetness.
162
What are the criteria for diagnosing Enuresis?
A. Repeated voiding of urine into bed or clothes
B. Clinically significant frequency or distress
C. Chronological age at least 5 years
D. Not attributable to physiological effects or another medical condition
## Footnote
Subtypes include nocturnal only, diurnal only, and a combination of both.
163
True or False: Tics are usually transient in childhood.
True
## Footnote
Many children experience tics that resolve on their own without intervention.
164
What behavior does the boy exhibit towards female staff members?
Attacks only when they start putting their hair up.
165
What is post-traumatic growth?
A positive psychological change resulting from the struggle with a traumatic event.
166
What does the PCL-5 questionnaire assess?
Symptoms consistent with PTSD following traumatic events.
167
Do most people who experience a traumatic event develop PTSD?
No, most do not develop PTSD.
168
Can a PTSD-like syndrome develop from events that do not meet Criterion A?
Yes, such as from a relationship betrayal.
169
What does the word 'trauma' mean?
Wound.
170
What happens to the brain when trauma occurs?
It blows out centers fundamental to psychology, leading to consequences.
171
How are personal traumas perceived compared to other traumatic events?
They are more difficult to understand and map onto personal experiences.
172
What is an example of a child experiencing trauma?
Witnessing a parent having unpredictable allergic reactions and getting injured.
173
What might a child believe after witnessing a traumatic event involving a parent?
They might believe they are responsible for the parent's care and safety.
174
What can happen if trauma is not addressed?
The nervous system may remain in a state of danger.
175
What is Criterion A for PTSD in the DSM?
It must involve a life-threatening event, either real or perceived.
176
What are some symptoms associated with Criterion B of PTSD?
Intrusion symptoms such as dreams and dissociative reactions.
177
What does Criterion C in PTSD diagnosis entail?
Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the traumatic event.
178
What does Criterion D address in PTSD?
Negative alterations in cognitions and mood.
179
What does Criterion E describe in PTSD?
Marked alterations in arousal and reactivity.
180
What does cognitive processing therapy involve?
Discussing and categorizing different types of emotions.
181
What is the analogy used for natural emotion in cognitive processing therapy?
Natural emotion is like a fire that dies down if not fueled.
182
What is manufactured emotion?
Emotion sustained by cognitions and thoughts.
183
What happens if someone continues to add thoughts to their emotional experience?
The intensity of emotions will not stop burning.
184
What can prevent natural recovery from trauma?
Not discussing it enough or receiving unhelpful information.
185
What are assimilated beliefs?
Beliefs related to the past.
186
What are over-accommodated beliefs?
Beliefs about the present and future.
187
How can discussing beliefs about trauma help individuals?
Gaining someone else’s perspective can greatly help.
188
What are safety behaviours similar to?
Anxiety behaviours
## Footnote
Safety behaviours are actions taken to avoid perceived dangers, similar to those used in anxiety management.
189
What is the first question to ask when someone has experienced something frightening?
How did this happen?
## Footnote
Understanding the context of the trauma helps in addressing the lingering threat.
190
What type of alarm is trauma considered to be?
True alarm
## Footnote
Unlike anxiety, which may involve false alarms, trauma represents a real threat.
191
What is a trauma narrative?
A story about the trauma
## Footnote
It helps children and parents discuss the traumatic event and identify stuck points.
192
What does moral injury refer to?
Violating one's own values
## Footnote
This can occur through actions taken either intentionally or accidentally.
193
What is one goal of safety planning?
The child will understand how to maintain personal safety
## Footnote
Safety planning involves creating a proactive strategy for safety in various situations.
194
What materials might be used in safety planning?
Fear thermometer, fear ladder, feeling thermometer, behaviour rating scale
## Footnote
These tools help assess anxiety, trauma, and disruptive behaviours.
195
What is the first step in obtaining weekly ratings?
Use the fear thermometer to obtain fear ladder ratings
## Footnote
This is essential for tracking progress in traumatic stress or anxiety.
196
How can therapists minimize self-blame in children?
Normalize and validate previous responses to trauma
## Footnote
This helps children understand that their reactions were appropriate at the time.
197
What should be reviewed with children regarding trauma?
Basic facts and vocabulary related to the trauma
## Footnote
This includes discussing anatomy in cases of sexual abuse.
198
What type of cues should children learn to detect regarding danger?
True alarm cues
## Footnote
This includes both external and internal cues indicating danger.
199
What is the difference between good touch and bad touch?
Good touch is safe; bad touch is inappropriate
## Footnote
Discussing body ownership is crucial, especially in cases of sexual abuse.
200
What should a safety plan incorporate?
Steps to ensure safety and identify safe places and people
## Footnote
The plan should be sequential, providing backup options.
201
What is the difference between safe and unsafe secrets?
Safe secrets are fun and temporary; unsafe secrets are harmful and kept from parents
## Footnote
Understanding this distinction is important in trauma situations.
202
What activity can help reinforce the safety plan?
Rehearse the plan by imagining an unsafe scenario
## Footnote
This practical application helps children internalize the safety strategies.
203
What should be considered before sharing information with parents?
Child's privacy and consent
## Footnote
It's important to respect what the child wishes to keep confidential.
204
What is a key goal of creating a trauma narrative?
The child will understand the reason for creating a story about the traumatic event
## Footnote
This aids in processing the trauma and reducing anxiety.
205
What should the parent understand regarding the child's trauma narrative?
The progress being made using these strategies
## Footnote
Parent involvement is crucial for supporting the child's healing process.
206
What tool is used to obtain fear ladder ratings for anxiety and trauma?
Fear thermometer
## Footnote
The fear thermometer is a tool used to gauge the level of fear experienced by a child and their parent.
207
What is used to take a rating for depressed mood?
Feelings thermometer
## Footnote
The feelings thermometer helps in assessing the emotional state related to depression.
208
Which scale is used for parent ratings of disruptive behavior?
Behaviour rating scale
## Footnote
This scale assists in evaluating the levels of disruptive behavior as observed by parents.
209
What is the first step in the main steps outlined for therapy?
Obtain weekly ratings
## Footnote
Regular monitoring through ratings is crucial for understanding the child's emotional state.
210
What should be explained as part of the rationale for creating a trauma narrative?
The entire rationale of creating a trauma narrative
## Footnote
This involves discussing the importance of addressing traumatic memories gradually.
211
What is suggested to start the rationale for discussing trauma?
A non-traumatic event
## Footnote
Starting with a non-traumatic event helps ease the child into the discussion.
212
Why is it important to prompt children explicitly about their bad experiences?
Many find it difficult to think or discuss bad experiences
## Footnote
Explicit prompting is necessary to help them confront their traumatic memories.
213
What may happen if one tries to avoid thinking or talking about traumatic memories?
Memories may come back unexpectedly in a vivid and upsetting way
## Footnote
Avoidance can lead to intrusive memories that are difficult to manage.
214
What is a key objective in developing control over traumatic memories?
Discussing them little by little
## Footnote
Gradual discussion helps in managing and reducing the emotional impact of memories.
215
What should the therapist do to create a feeling of safety for the child?
Reassure the child of their safety and comfort
## Footnote
Providing support during discussions about trauma is essential for the child's well-being.
216
How should the fear thermometer be introduced to the child?
Explain its use to monitor the degree of fear
## Footnote
This tool helps assess emotional discomfort during therapy.
217
What activity involves the child rating their current level of fearfulness?
Activity: fear thermometer
## Footnote
This activity facilitates understanding of the child's fear levels.
218
What should be practiced in the relaxation module?
Skills learned in the relaxation module
## Footnote
Practicing relaxation techniques is important for emotional regulation.
219
What is the purpose of using the fear thermometer and feelings thermometer before and after relaxation?
To rate the child’s emotional state
## Footnote
This helps evaluate the effectiveness of relaxation techniques.
220
What should be included in the narrative development process?
Begin writing or adding to the narrative in a relaxed state
## Footnote
Starting with a relaxed state helps facilitate the narrative process.
221
What type of chapter is often useful to begin the narrative?
A non-traumatic chapter
## Footnote
This approach helps ease the child into discussing more difficult topics.
222
What should be done until the narrative is complete?
Do not challenge negative or catastrophic thoughts
## Footnote
Recording thoughts without challenge allows for a safe exploration of feelings.
