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PSY4105 - Disorders (M2) > Autism Powerpoint > Flashcards

Autism Powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

What is the toothbrushing task in assessment practice?

A

A task involving reading social cues and using gestures to explain while performing the action

It demonstrates how individuals interpret social signals and engage in multi-tasking.

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2
Q

What is Criterion A in autism criteria?

A

Differences in the social domain, such as back and forth conversations and maintaining friendships

Examples include using gestures socially and knowing when to start or end a conversation.

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3
Q

What does Criterion B in autism criteria focus on?

A

Focused interests and behaviours, including repetitive behaviour and sensory differences

It includes examples like stimming and cognitive rigidity.

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4
Q

What is stimming?

A

Self-stimulating behaviour often seen in autism, such as hand movements or running around

While everyone stims, it is more pronounced in individuals with autism.

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5
Q

What is required to meet the criteria for an autism diagnosis?

A

All of Criterion A and 2 of 4 from Criterion B

This includes a range of behaviours and characteristics.

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6
Q

What is the ADOS-2?

A

Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, an assessment tool used to observe differences in autism

It is systematic and uses various toys and stimuli.

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7
Q

What is an example of social opportunity through play in children not on the ASD?

A

Involving adults, looking at them, and offering them things

This demonstrates typical social interaction and engagement.

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8
Q

What are signs of a child on the ASD during play?

A

Not sharing toys, not responding to their name, and lacking creative play

They may also not understand physical cues from adults.

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9
Q

What does effective communication look like in a child not on the ASD?

A

Engagement with nearby people and sharing enjoyment of toys

They request help and interact socially.

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of autism when reframed positively?

A

Honest, independent, systematic, reliable, knowledgeable, adventurous

This perspective highlights strengths rather than deficits.

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of autism in the population?

A

~1-2% of the population, with a 3:1 ratio of boys to girls

There are concerns about underdiagnosing girls.

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12
Q

What is bottom-up processing in autism?

A

Processing details before context, often leading to context blindness

This can cause difficulty in understanding social cues.

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13
Q

What does socio-emotional reciprocity refer to in autism?

A

Reduced ability with reciprocal social interaction skills

This includes initiating, responding to, and maintaining interactions.

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14
Q

What are non-verbal communication differences in autism?

A

Differences in use and understanding of nonverbal cues like facial expressions and gestures

This may include difficulties with eye contact and body language.

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15
Q

What does relationship management entail for individuals with autism?

A

Differences in making and maintaining friendships, adjusting behavior to contexts

They may struggle with understanding different types of relationships.

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16
Q

What is an example of repetitive behaviour in autism?

A

Repetitive movements like body rocking or speech patterns like echolalia

These behaviours are often used to self-regulate.

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17
Q

What is meant by flexing in autism?

A

Heightened need for predictability and difficulty transitioning between activities

This includes rigid thinking and sensitivity to changes.

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18
Q

What are sensory differences in autism?

A

Variations in processing sight, touch, smell, sound, and taste

Can include hypo-sensitivity or hypersensitivity to sensory inputs.

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19
Q

What is a key characteristic of intense or unusual interests in autism?

A

Intensity in focus and detail on specific topics or objects

These interests may be atypical for the person’s age.

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20
Q

What is the heritability estimate for autism?

A

Approximately 80%

Similar levels to ADHD

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21
Q

What are the levels of autism based on support needs?

A

Level 1 to 3

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22
Q

What is a common thinking style seen in autistic people?

A

Bottom-Up Processing

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23
Q

What does Bottom-Up Processing involve?

A

Processing details before context

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24
Q

What are examples of socio-emotional reciprocity in autism?

A
  • Initiating interactions
  • Responding to interactions
  • Maintaining interactions
  • Engaging in a variety of interaction types
  • Perspective-taking
  • Sharing toys or personal details
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25
What are common differences in non-verbal communication for autistic individuals?
* Eye contact differences * Little use of gestures * Flat affect * Speech differences * Tone of voice differences * Personal space issues * Misunderstanding cues
26
What are the challenges in relationship management for individuals with autism?
* Difficulty making friends * Reduced interest in making new friends * Losing friends quickly * Difficulty articulating what a friend is
27
What types of repetitive behaviors are common in autism?
* Body movements * Echolalia * Repetitive sounds * Repetitive questioning * Use of objects
28
What is 'stimming'?
Repetitive movements, speech, or use of objects to self-regulate
29
What are examples of flexibility issues in autistic individuals?
* Order-focused rituals * Difficulty transitioning * Black/white thinking * Sensitivity to changes
30
What defines intense or unusual interests in autism?
* Intense focus on a narrow range of interests * Odd interests based on age * Strong attachment to people or objects * Collecting paraphernalia
31
What are sensory differences in autism?
* Hypo-sensitivity * Hypersensitivity * Sensory seeking
32
Fill in the blank: Autism prevalence is approximately _______ of the population.
1-2%
33
True or False: Autism is more commonly diagnosed in boys than girls.
True
34
What are the important differentials and 'pink flags' related to autism?
* Social anxiety disorder * Borderline personality disorder * ARFID * Other eating disorders * ADHD * OCD * Anxiety disorders * Mood disorders * Developmental coordination disorder * Language disorder
35
What are the characteristics of hypo-sensitivity in sensory processing?
Not reacting or noticing sensory input that others do
36
What does hypersensitivity in sensory processing entail?
Noticing/reacting more than others do
37
What are common sensory differences related to sight?
* Noticing slight differences in light * Visually examining objects close up or from odd angles
38
What are common sensory differences related to sound?
* Noticing small sounds others don’t * Distress with certain noises like vacuum or sirens
39
What are common sensory differences related to touch?
* Not wanting to be touched * Clothing sensitivities
40
What are some social knowledge and skills challenges in autism?
Difficulty with social interactions and understanding social cues
41
What is the purpose of the toothbrushing task in assessment practice?
To evaluate social cues, gestures, and explanations during tasks.
42
What does it indicate when a professor nods towards the class?
The student knows to look towards the professor.
43
What is visualizing in the context of assessment practice?
Laying out a specific scene for the student to follow along.
44
Why might children with autism not respond when their name is called?
It is not uncommon for them to not answer to their name.
45
What is Criterion A in the autism criteria?
Differences in the social domain.
46
List some examples of social differences under Criterion A.
* Back and forth of conversations * Using gestures socially * Knowing when to end and start a conversation * Maintaining friendships over time
47
What is Criterion B in the autism criteria?
Focused interests and behaviours.
48
Provide examples of behaviours under Criterion B.
* Repetitive behaviour * Stimming (self-stimulating behaviour) * Cognitive flexibility * Sensory differences
49
What does stimming refer to in autism?
Self-stimulating behaviours that are more pronounced and varied.
50
What are sensory differences in autism?
Sensitivity to smells, tastes, textures, and internal sensations.
51
What are some examples of stimming behaviours?
* Hand movements * Running around * Playing with hair
52
What is required to meet the criteria for autism diagnosis?
All of Criterion A and 2 of 4 of Criterion B.
53
What does ADOS-2 stand for?
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule ## Footnote An assessment tool that can be used to observe behaviors related to autism.
54
What is the purpose of the ADOS-2?
Assessment tool to observe differences in autism ## Footnote It is not necessary for diagnosis but can be added as part of the assessment.
55
What are the three levels of support specified for autism?
Level 1, Level 2, Level 3 ## Footnote These levels indicate the degree of support required by the individual.
56
What is an example of behavior in school-age children not on the autism spectrum?
Seeing social opportunity through play ## Footnote Involves social back and forth, engaging with adults, and imitating their actions.
57
What behavior might a child on the autism spectrum exhibit with a toy?
Enjoys a specific toy but does not share it ## Footnote They may also not show enjoyment externally or engage in creative play.
58
How does a child on the autism spectrum respond to their name?
Does not respond to their name ## Footnote This is a common characteristic observed in children with ASD.
59
What is an example of social reciprocity in children not on the autism spectrum?
Trying to keep the tickling going ## Footnote This indicates engagement and a desire for social interaction.
60
What behavior might a child on the autism spectrum show when engaged with a toy?
Attention focused on the toy without interacting with nearby people ## Footnote They may not ask for help or respond to social cues from adults.
61
What are common physical behaviors observed in children on the autism spectrum?
Hand flapping, rocking back and forth, toe-walking ## Footnote These behaviors are often referred to as stimming or self-soothing actions.
62
How is autism reframed in terms of social interaction?
Honest, direct, enjoys interest-based interactions ## Footnote This perspective emphasizes positive traits associated with autism.
63
What is the estimated prevalence of autism in the population?
~1-2% of the population ## Footnote This prevalence is similar in adults and children.
64
What is the ratio of boys to girls diagnosed with autism?
3:1 ## Footnote There are concerns about missing diagnoses in girls.
65
What is the heritability estimate for autism?
~80% ## Footnote This is similar to levels seen in ADHD and often results in siblings or parents also exhibiting features of ASD.
66
What is a common behavior observed in individuals with autism during serious discussions?
Smiling through the whole video even when talking about serious topics
67
What are some ways individuals with autism may express themselves non-verbally?
Using lots or little gestures, rocking back and forth
68
What is a key aspect of eye contact in social situations for individuals with autism?
It’s about properly using eye contact, which can vary from intense to absent
69
What does it mean to have conscious awareness for masking in autism?
Trying to act in a way that is more neurotypical
70
What are some social nuances that individuals with autism may struggle to understand?
Dating nuances or sexual nuances and cues
71
What is important to note about the presentation of autism?
Autism can look different for a lot of people
72
What is a common issue when diagnosing autism in individuals?
A combination of diagnoses instead of autism may be observed
73
List some disorders that may be seen in conjunction with autism diagnoses.
* Social anxiety disorder * Borderline personality disorder * Avoidant-restrictive food intake (ARFID) * Other eating disorders * Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) * Obsessive-compulsive disorder * Anxiety disorders * Mood disorders * Developmental coordination disorder * Language disorder
74
In autism, how is the obsession and compulsion perceived differently than in other conditions?
The obsession is seen as positive and the compulsion is not associated with a thought and is also positive
75
What is bottom-up processing as it relates to autistic thinking?
Processing details before context, often leading to missing context or needing it explicitly explained
76
What is context blindness in individuals with autism?
Acting similarly in various contexts, like in a classroom vs at home vs with friends
77
Fill in the blank: Individuals with autism may struggle to identify what is _______ or _______ in conversations.
[relevant] or [irrelevant]
78
What is socio-emotional reciprocity in the context of autism?
Reduced, inconsistent, or unnatural ability with reciprocal social interaction skills
79
What are some aspects of initiating interactions for individuals with autism?
* Seeking play or joint attention * Starting conversations
80
What does maintaining interactions involve for individuals with autism?
* Seeking to continue a social exchange * Making connected comments * Talking on a variety of topics
81
What is an important skill related to perspective-taking in autism?
Understanding their perspectives may be different from one’s own
82
What are differences in non-verbal communication often seen in autism?
* Speech tone and pace * Facial expressions * Eye contact * Body language * Body orientation * Gestures
83
What are typical differences in eye contact for individuals with autism?
Fleeting or unwavering eye contact
84
What might indicate a misunderstanding of others' cues in individuals with autism?
May pick up cues but ask repetitively what they mean or assume the worst
85
What is relationship management?
Differences in development and understanding of friendships and other relationships ## Footnote Includes making friends, maintaining friendships, and managing conflicts.
86
What are some challenges individuals face in making friends?
Self-report of not knowing how to make friends, difficulty making friends independently, reduced interest in making new friends ## Footnote Often leads to having many acquaintances but no close connections.
87
What are some examples of repetitive behavior?
Body rocking, pacing, hair flipping, picking skin/nails, echolalia, repetitive questioning ## Footnote Stimming behaviors help with self-regulation.
88
Define echolalia.
Repeating back one’s own speech or the speech of others ## Footnote Can be external or internal.
89
What behaviors are associated with flexing?
Heightened need for predictability, order-focused rituals, difficulty transitioning, black/white thinking, sensitivity to changes ## Footnote Rigid thinking often leads to difficulty with interruptions.
90
What characterizes intense or unusual interests?
Strong focus and attachment to specific interests, often at the expense of variety ## Footnote Examples include collecting paraphernalia related to a specific topic.
91
What are sensory differences?
Differences in processing and perception of sensory inputs such as sight, touch, smell, sound, taste, and movement ## Footnote Can include hypo-sensitivity and hypersensitivity.
92
What is hypo-sensitivity?
Not reacting or noticing sensory input that others do ## Footnote Individuals may be unaware of certain stimuli.
93
What is hypersensitivity?
Noticing or reacting more than others do to sensory inputs ## Footnote Can lead to significant distress in loud environments.
94
What are some examples of sensory seeking behaviors?
Seeking intense sensory input, noticing slight differences in light, significant distress with certain sounds ## Footnote Individuals may enjoy activities like roller coasters for proprioceptive feedback.
95
What is bottom-up thinking?
A thinking style characterized by focusing on details and sensory information rather than overarching concepts ## Footnote Common in individuals with certain cognitive profiles.
96
What are some characteristics of individuals with rigid or literal interpretations?
Detail-oriented thinking, preference for sameness, routine, and rules ## Footnote This can lead to social overwhelm.
97
What is the impact of sensory overload?
Can lead to social overwhelm and difficulties in social interactions ## Footnote Individuals may struggle to process multiple sensory inputs simultaneously.
98
Fill in the blank: Individuals may show _______ behavior through actions such as lining up objects or categorizing items.
repetitive
99
True or False: Individuals with intense interests often engage in a wide variety of topics.
False ## Footnote Interests are usually narrow and focused.
100
What is a common behavior regarding food for individuals with sensory differences?
Limited or bland diet, or seeking strong flavors ## Footnote Food texture sensitivities may also occur.
101
What does 'rule police' refer to?
Enforcement of rigid rules and expectations in social or personal contexts ## Footnote This behavior can lead to conflicts in relationships.

PSY4105 - Disorders (M2) (5 decks)

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