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Concepts I- TEST 1- AMR > Note cards from Week 2 reading > Flashcards

Note cards from Week 2 reading Flashcards

1
Q

evidence- based practice (EBP)

A

evidence based nursing, occurs when the nurse can “integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care” pg 26

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2
Q

what goes into EBP?

A

Best evidence + clinical expertise + patient values and preferences = EBP

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3
Q

research

A

entails using formal and systematic processes to address problems and answer questions.

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4
Q

cultivating a spirit of inquiry

A

nurses need to be curious and willing to investigate how various practices compare and which might be best for a specific client.

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5
Q

ask clinical questions

A

for consistency and efficiency, nurses should state the question in a standard format such as PICOT

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6
Q

search for the best evidence

A

in the previous step, key terms are identified that facilitate identifying relevant evidence in the literature

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7
Q

critically appraise the evidence

A

several toolkits or schema are available to assist the nurse in determining the most valid, reliable, and applicable evidence. in some cases, relevant studies may already have been synthesized.

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8
Q

integrate the evidence with clinical expertise and client/family preferences and values

A

evidence must not be automatically applied to the care of individual clients. each nurse must determine how the evidence fits with the clinical condition of the client, available resources, institutional policies, and the client’s wishes.

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9
Q

implement and evaluate the outcomes of the intervention

A

the nurse gathers all relevant data that may indicate whether or not the intervention was successful

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10
Q

value system

A

people organize their values internally along a continuum from most important to least important

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11
Q

beliefs (opinions)

A

are interpretation or conclusions that people accept as true. based on more faith than fact
may only last briefly

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12
Q

attitudes

A

mental positions or feelings towards a person, object, or idea. lasts over time.

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13
Q

values

A

enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action.
pg 73

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14
Q

essential nursing values: altruism

A

a concern for the welfare and well-being of others.

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15
Q

essential nursing values: autonomy

A

the right to self-determination. when the nurse respects patient’s rights to make decisions

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16
Q

essential nursing values: human dignity

A

respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations.

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17
Q

essential nursing values: integrity

A

acting in accordance with an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards of practice.

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18
Q

essential nursing values: social justice

A

acting in accordance with fair treatment regardless of economic status, race, ethnicity, race, sexual orientation, etc.

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19
Q

professional values

A

are acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experiences, teachers, and peers.

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20
Q

values clarification

A

a process by which people identify, examine, and develop their own individual values.

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21
Q

bioethics

A

ethics as applied to human life or health

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22
Q

nursing ethics

A

refers to ethical issue’s that occur in nursing practice

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23
Q

morality

A

usually refers to private, personal standards of what is right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude.

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24
Q

ethics

A

a method of inquiry that helps people to understand the morality of human behavior, the practices or beliefs of a certain group, and the expected standards of moral behavior of a particular group as described in the groups formal code of professional ethics.

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25
Q

moral development

A

the process of learning to tell the difference between right and wrong and of learning what ought and ought not to be done.

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26
Q

principles based (deontological) theories

A

involve logical and formal processes and emphasize individual rights, duties, and obligations

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27
Q

utilitarianism

A

one form of consequentialist theory, views a good act as one that is the most useful- that is, one that brings the most good and the least harm to the greatest number of people. this is called the principle of utility.

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28
Q

relationship based caring theories

A

stress courage, generosity, commitment, and the need to nurture and maintain relationships.

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29
Q

consequence based teleological theories

A

look to the outcomes (consequences) of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong.

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30
Q

moral rules

A

specific prescriptions for actions

31
Q

autonomy

A

refers to the right to make one’s own decisions.

32
Q

nonmaleficence

A

the duty to “do no harm”

33
Q

beneficience

A

means doing good.

34
Q

justice

A

frequently referred to as fairness

35
Q

fidelity

A

means to be faithful to agreements and promises

36
Q

veracity

A

refers to telling the truth

37
Q

accountability

A

answerable to onself and others for ones own actions

38
Q

responsibility

A

refers to the specific accountability or liability associated with the performance of duties of a particular role.

39
Q

code of ethics

A

a formal statement of a groups ideals and values

40
Q

read application of a bioethical decision- making model

A

page 81-82

41
Q

active euthanasia

A

involves actions to bring about the clients death directly, with or without client consent

42
Q

assisted suicide

A

giving clients the means to kill themselves if they request it

43
Q

passive euthanasia

A

commonly referred to now as withdrawing or with-holding life sustaining therapy, involves the withdrawal of extraordinary means of life support such as removing a ventilator or withholding special attempts to revive a client.

44
Q

advocate

A

one who expresses and defends the cause of another

45
Q

health care system

A

the totality of service offered by all health disciplines

46
Q

primary prevention:

A

health promotion and illness prevention

47
Q

secondary prevention

A

diagnosis and treatment

48
Q

tertiary prevention

A

rehabilitation, health restoration, and palliative care

49
Q

types of health care agencies examples

A 
public health- health departments
physicians offices
ambulatory care centers- 
occupational health clinics
hospitals
subacute care facilities- generally the individuals condition doesn't require high monitoring 
extended (long term) care facilities
retirement and assisted living centers
rehab centers
home health care agencies
day care centers- for adults and children who can't be left alone
rural care
hospice services
crisis centers
mutual support and self help groups
50
Q

safety- net hospitals

A

provide a significant level of care to low-income, uninsured, and vulnerable populations.

51
Q

examples of providers of health care

A

nurse, case manager, dentist, emergency medical personnel, any therapist, pharmacist, social worker

52
Q

licensed vocational nurse or licensed practical nurse

A

provides direct client care under the direction of an RN, physician, or other licensed practitioner.

53
Q

factors affecting health care delivery

A 
increasing # of older adults
advances in technology
economics
women's health
uneven distribution of services
access to health insurance
homeless and the poor
health insurance portability and accountability act
demographic changes
54
Q

factors contributing to the health problems of the homeless and the poor

A
  • poor physical environment
  • inadequate rest and privacy
  • improper nutrition
  • poor access to facilities for personal hygiene
  • exposure to the elements
  • lack of social support
  • few personal resources
  • questionable personal safety
  • inconsistent health care
  • difficulty with adherence to treatment plan
55
Q

intent of HIPAA regulation

A
  • provides individuals with more control over their health info
  • establishes limits for appropriate use and release of health care info
  • requires health care providers and their agent to comply with safeguards to protect individual privacy related to health care info
  • delineates a set of civil and criminal penalties holding HIPAA regulation transgressors accountable for actions if a client’s health care privacy is violated
56
Q

case management

A

describes a range of models for integrating health care services for individuals or groups.

  • assessing clients and their homes and communities
  • coordinating and planning cost-effective client care
  • collaborating with other health professionals
  • monitoring client’s progress
  • evaluating client outcomes
57
Q

critical pathway

A

a plan or tool that specifies inter-professional assessments, interventions, treatments, and outcomes for health-related conditions across a timeline

58
Q

team nursing

A

the delivery of nursing care to individual clients by a group of providers led by a professional nurse.

59
Q

Payment sources

A 
medicare and Medicaid
supplemental security income
children's health insurance program
women, infant, and children program
prospective payment system
private insurance
group plans
60
Q

medicare

A

for 65 years of age and older

61
Q

medicaid

A

for people who require financial assistance, low income

62
Q

coinsurance

A

the percentage share of a government approved charge that is paid by the client; the remaining percent is paid by the plan.

63
Q

supplemental security income (SSI) benefits

A

people with disabilities or those who are blind, clients often use this to purchase medicine or cover costs of extended health care

64
Q

diagnosis- related groups (DRGs)

A

reimbursement is made according to this classification system

65
Q

individual health

A

dimensions of individuality include the person’s total character, self identity, and perceptions.

66
Q

individuality

A

to help clients attain, maintain, or regain an optimal level of health, nurses need to understand clients as individuals.

67
Q

concept of holism

A

nurses are concerned with he individual as a whole, complete, or holistic person. not as an assembly of parts and processes. the concept emphasizes that nurses must keep the whole person in mind and strive to understand how one area of concern relates to the whole person.
pg 245

68
Q

Healthy People 2020

A

provided a framework for national health promotion, health protection, and preventive service strategy.

69
Q

health promotion

A

“behavior motivated by a desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potention” definied by healthy people 2020

70
Q

disease prevention/health protection

A

behavior motivated by a desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within the illness.

71
Q

Health promotion VS Health Protection

A

Health Promotion:
not disease oriented
motivated by personal positive approach to wellness
seeks to expand positive

Health Protection: 
Illness or injury specific
motivated by avoidance of illness
seeks to stop the potential for health occurrence of insults to heal and well being
pg 249
72
Q

Behavior- Specific Cognitions and Affect

A

read on page 251-252

73
Q

Stages of Health Behavior Change

A

precontemplation- the person doesn’t think about changing in the next 6 months
contemplation- person acknowledges a problem, gathers info, plans to change in the near future (next 6 months)
preparation- intends to take action in the immediate future (a month)
action- actively implements behavioral and cognitive strategies
maintenance- the person strives to prevent relapse by integrating newly adopted behaviors into his or her lifestyle.
termination- the ultimate goal; the point at which the individual has complete confidence that the problem is no longer a temptation or threat.
pg 253

74
Q

nurse’s role in health promotion

A

-model healthy lifestyle behaviors and attitudes
- teach clients self care strategies
- educate clients
more in box on page 253

Concepts I- TEST 1- AMR (6 decks)

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