Notable Figures

Question 1

A drawing of the microscope used by Hooke in _____. The lens was fitted at the end of an adjustable bellows and light focused on the specimen by a separate lens. Inset: Hooke’s drawing of a bluish mold he found degrading a leather surface; the round structures contain spores of the mold.

Answer 1

Robert Hooke & Early Microscopy; 1664

Question 2

The microscope with only the lens ane the focusing adjustment screw.

Answer 2

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek; The Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope

Question 3

He made experiments disproving spontaneous generation.

Answer 3

Francesco Redi; Francesco Redi 1668 experiment

Question 4

FR ‘68: Open Jar

Answer 4

Flies entered and laid eggs that hatched maggots.

Question 5

FR ‘68: Gauze-covered Jar

Answer 5

No flies entered, but they laid eggs on the gauze that hatched maggots, or eggs fell through the gauze and hatched on the meat.

Question 6

FR ‘68: Sealed Jar

Answer 6

No flies, maggots, or eggs could enter.

Question 7

English naturalist who was in support of spontaneous generation theory.

Answer 7

John Needham

Question 8

He found that large numbers of organisms subsequently developed in prepared infusions of many different substances that had been exposed to intense heat in sealed tubes for 30 minutes.

Answer 8

John Needham

Question 9

Assuming that such heat treatment must have killed any previous organisms, Needham explained the presence of the new population on the grounds of spontaneous generation.

Answer 9

John Needham

Question 10

A trained botanist. His interests in microscopy led him to the study of unicellular algae and later to bacteria, including the large sulfur bacterium Beggiatoa.

Answer 10

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 11

Described the life cycle of the endospore-forming bacterium
Bacillus. Hewas a contemporary of Louis Pasteur.

Answer 11

Ferdinand Cohn

Question 12

A German physician, pathologist, and anatomist. He is credited with the discovery of _____ in the kidney. His essay, “On Miasma and Contagia,” was an early argument for the germ theory of disease. He was an important figure in the development of modern medicine.

Answer 12

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle [Friedrich Henle (1809-1885)]

Question 13

Developed the Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 13

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle [Friedrich Henle (1809-1885)]

Question 14

Father of Modern Biology

Answer 14

Louis Pasteur

Question 15

Bacteria were removed from the air entering the flask by settling in the long neck.

Answer 15

Louis Pasteur 1859 Experiment

Question 16

• Disproved Spontaneous Generation.
• Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate
• Created the S-shaped flask that kept microbes out but let air in.
• Showed microbes are responsible for fermentation (the conversion of sugar to
• Demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine-Pasteurization: the application of a high heat for a short time.
• Believed that another silkworm disease was caused by a protozoan.

Answer 16

Louis Pasteur

Question 17

Give the 4 Koch’s Postulates.

Answer 17

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but should not be found in healthy organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Question 18

Some of these exceptions of these postulates (Koch’s Postulates) are:

Answer 18

1. Some microorganisms could not be cultured in artificial media:
   a. Inability to grow Treponema pallidum and Mycobacterium leprae — known causative agents of syphilis and leprosy, respectively on artificial media.
   b. Inability to grow many viruses and rickettsial pathogens on artificial media.
2. Diseases caused by different species of microorganisms could elicit similar symptoms.
3. Some pathogens can cause several disease conditions.

Question 19

This can cause a wide range of infections: scarlet fever, strep throat, and/or flesh-
eating diseases.

Answer 19

Streptococcus Pyogenes

Question 20

_____ was the first antibiotic to be discovered.

Answer 20

Penicillin

Question 21

Penicillin was discovered in _____ by _____, a Scottish scientist working in St. Mary’s Hospital London.

Answer 21

1929; Sir Alexander Fleming

Question 22

Fleming discovered that mold from Penicillium fungus had _____. The antibiotic was named penicillin after the _____.

Answer 22

Antibacterial Properties; Fungus

Question 23

“When I woke up just after dawn on _____, I certainly didn’t plan to revolutionise all medicine by discovering the world’s first antibiotic, or bacteria killer. But I suppose that was exactly what I did.”

Answer 23

September 28, 1928

— Sir Alexander Fleming (1928)

Question 24

• Nobel Prize in Medicine
• Nobel prize for discovery of Streptomycin.

Answer 24

1. 1945 Fleming, Florey and Chain
2. 1952 Selman Waksman

Question 25

PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION OF ILOSONE:

• At the time of discovery, _____ was employed with _____ based in the United States of America. In good faith, he sent the soil samples to his company who then worked on isolating _____ from a strain of bacteria found in the samples. It was a strain of the _____ which produced Erythromycin as its metabolic products.

• Commercially, the company launched the product in _____ under the brand name Ilosone (the place in the Philippines where it originated). Unfairly, the company Eli Lily Co. filed for both patent protection and the U.S. Patent without giving Dr. Aguilar any royalties nor credit for his discovery. Subsequently, he fought for what was due to him in what would become a 40 year long, fruitless battle that ended when he passed at the age of 76.

Answer 25

1. Dr. Abelardo Aguilar
2. Eli Lily Co.
3. Erythromycin
4. Streptomyces erythreus
5. 1952