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Physical Science > 🤓not chapter 26🤓 > Flashcards

🤓not chapter 26🤓 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

the process that that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earths surface

A

weathering

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2
Q

a mixture of weathered rock organic matter water and air that is capable of supporting plant life

A

soil

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3
Q

is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering

A

erosion

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4
Q

as rocks weather erosion agents like water ice wind and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process

A

sediment transport

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5
Q

when the erosion agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process

A

deposition

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6
Q

the land area that gathers water for a major river is called a rivers

A

drainage basin

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7
Q

the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called a

A

long shore current

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8
Q

what is weathering

A

break down of materials on earths surface

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9
Q

do rocks weather at the same time?

A

no, rocks weather at different rates

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10
Q

what are the 2 main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?

A

rock type and landscape

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of weathering

A

mechanical and chemical weathering

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12
Q

what type of changes happen with mechanical weathering

A

physical changes

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13
Q

what type of change happens with chemical weathering

A

chemical changes

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14
Q

what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering

A

frost wedging biological activity and collisions

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15
Q

what causes frost wedging

A

when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes

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16
Q

what is the cycle called during frost wedging

A

freeze thaw cycles

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17
Q

what causes biological activity

A

plant and animal activity

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18
Q

what causes weathering during collisions

A

when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers

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19
Q

what is soil

A

is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air

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20
Q

what is parent material

A

material which soil forms from

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21
Q

what are soil horizons

A

the different layers of soil

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22
Q

how many soil horizons are there

A

6 different soil horizons

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23
Q

true or false? all soils contain every soil horizon

A

false

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24
Q

what are the specific soil horizons

A

O. A. E. B. C. R.

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25
Q

what does the first soil horizon contain

A

organic material

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26
Q

what is the second horizon mostly made up of?

A

mostly minerals

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27
Q

which layer does leaching occur

A

horizon E

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28
Q

which horizon collects materials from previous horizons

A

horizon B

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29
Q

which layer is partially weathered bedrock

A

horizon C

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30
Q

which layer is unweathered bedrock

A

horizon R

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31
Q

which soil horizons make up the top soil

A

O and A horizons

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32
Q

which soil horizons make up the subsoil

A

E & B horizons

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33
Q

which horizons make up the true soil

A

O. A. E. B. horizons

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34
Q

what is difference weathering and erosion

A

weathering is the break down of material

erosion is the removal of surface material

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35
Q

True or False: as the slope of a river decreases the rivers speed also decreases

A

True

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36
Q

small streams that flow into larger rivers are called

A

tributaries

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37
Q

land area that gathers water for a major river is called a

A

drainage basin

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38
Q

a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a

A

drainage

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39
Q

as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating

A

channels

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40
Q

young rivers are ______ due to the fast movements

A

V shaped

41
Q

_____ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes.

A

mature

42
Q

when rivers flood and drop there sediment loads drop what is the land form called

A

flood plains

43
Q

What are fan shaped sediment deposits that will form at the mouth of the river

A

deltas

44
Q

what are the branching channels created by deltas called

A

distributaries

45
Q

what is it called where a mouth of a river or stream enters dry land

A

alluvial fans

46
Q

what are the two types of glaciers

A

valley and continental glaciers

47
Q

where can each glacier be found?

A 
Valley= high mountainous regions
continental= in Greenland and Antarctica
48
Q

what is a cirque

A

bowl shaped basins

49
Q

what is an arete

A

2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long sharp ridge-line

50
Q

what is a horn?

A

sharpened peaks

51
Q

what do tributary glaciers create

A

hanging valley

52
Q

what are tributary glaciers

A

small glaciers that feed into large glaciers

53
Q

what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create

A

U shaped

54
Q

which side of a dune does erosion occur

A

windward side

55
Q

which side does deposition occur

A

leeward side

56
Q

what is deflation

A

the removal of small particles by wind leaving heavier particles behind

57
Q

what is desert pavement

A

when small particles are removed the remaining surface

58
Q

what does the shape and size of land forms depend on due to wind

A

wind
speed
amount of time the wind blows, sediment supply

59
Q

what are three land forms created by erosion

A

coastal cliffs
sea arches
sea stacks

60
Q

what are 2 examples of wave deposition

A

sand bars

sand spits

61
Q

what is a sandbar

k

A

landforms that are parallel to the shoreline

62
Q

what is a sand spit

A

sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape

63
Q

what is mass wasting caused by

A

snow rain earthquakes or human activity

64
Q

what are some examples of mass wasting

A

rock slides mud flows landslides

65
Q

absolute dating

A

the process of assigning an exact numerical age of an organism

66
Q

relative dating

A

is the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time

67
Q

uniformitarianism

A

which states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past

68
Q

principle of superposition

A

states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks at the bottom

69
Q

unconformities

A

gaps in the rocks record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent

70
Q

fossils

A

the remains or traces of organism found in the geologic rock record

71
Q

infiltration

A

process by which water enters earth and becomes ground water below the surface

72
Q

water table

A

the upper boundary of saturated zone

73
Q

aquifer

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space ]’

74
Q

porosity

A

the materials percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space

75
Q

what percentage of water on earth is salt

A

97%

76
Q

what percentage of water on Earth is freshwter

A

3%

77
Q

where is the majority of fresh water found

A

in glaciers

78
Q

where is the smaller percentage of fresh water found

A

lakes, rivers, and ground water

79
Q

what is precipitation 😹

A

when water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals😈

80
Q

what is runoff

A

water running off the land surface

👽

81
Q

what is infiltration

A

the process by which water enters earth and becomes ground water below the surface

82
Q

what is transpiration ♿

A

when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves

83
Q

what is evaporation ⚧

A

when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor

84
Q

what is condensation 🤯

A

when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets

85
Q

what is the water cycle

A

where fresh water moves from the land to the atmosphere and then back to the land

86
Q

what is an unsaturated zone for ground water storage

A

is a porous area where water easily passes through

87
Q 
what                                                                  
👺 is
 a
 saturated
 zone
 for
 groundwater
 storage
A

beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space

88
Q

what is a water table

A

the upper boundary of the saturated zone

89
Q

what does it mean if sediment is permeable

A

the more permeable the material is the easier water can infiltrate though the ground

90
Q

what is an aquifers

A

a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space

91
Q

what is the name of the great plains aquifer

A

Ogallala Aquifer

92
Q

how many states does the great plains aquifer run through

A

8 states

93
Q

what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through

A

South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas

94
Q

what is an aquitard ⚧

A

a layer that doesn’t allow water to pass through it

95
Q

how are water springs formed

A

where water table naturally meets the earths surface

96
Q

what is an artesian well

A

where we drill into a pressurized aquifer

97
Q

what is a cone of depression

A

its where water flows in a direction down toward a well creating the cone shape

98
Q

absolute dating

A

Physical Science (7 decks)

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