🤓not chapter 26🤓 Flashcards
to not study chapter 26
the process that that involves the physical or chemical breakdown of materials on earths surface
weathering
a mixture of weathered rock organic matter water and air that is capable of supporting plant life
soil
is the removal of surface material through the process of weathering
erosion
as rocks weather erosion agents like water ice wind and gravity move eroded materials from one place to another in a process
sediment transport
when the erosion agent slows down or melts it drops this sediment load in a process
deposition
the land area that gathers water for a major river is called a rivers
drainage basin
the movement of water parallel to the shoreline is called a
long shore current
what is weathering
break down of materials on earths surface
do rocks weather at the same time?
no, rocks weather at different rates
what are the 2 main factors that determine how fast a rock will weather?
rock type and landscape
what are the 2 types of weathering
mechanical and chemical weathering
what type of changes happen with mechanical weathering
physical changes
what type of change happens with chemical weathering
chemical changes
what are the 3 specific types of mechanical weathering
frost wedging biological activity and collisions
what causes frost wedging
when water collects in the cracks of a rock and then freezes
what is the cycle called during frost wedging
freeze thaw cycles
what causes biological activity
plant and animal activity
what causes weathering during collisions
when rocks fall from a cliff or tumble through turbulent rivers
what is soil
is a mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, water, and air
what is parent material
material which soil forms from
what are soil horizons
the different layers of soil
how many soil horizons are there
6 different soil horizons
true or false? all soils contain every soil horizon
false
what are the specific soil horizons
O. A. E. B. C. R.
what does the first soil horizon contain
organic material
what is the second horizon mostly made up of?
mostly minerals
which layer does leaching occur
horizon E
which horizon collects materials from previous horizons
horizon B
which layer is partially weathered bedrock
horizon C
which layer is unweathered bedrock
horizon R
which soil horizons make up the top soil
O and A horizons
which soil horizons make up the subsoil
E & B horizons
which horizons make up the true soil
O. A. E. B. horizons
what is difference weathering and erosion
weathering is the break down of material
erosion is the removal of surface material
True or False: as the slope of a river decreases the rivers speed also decreases
True
small streams that flow into larger rivers are called
tributaries
land area that gathers water for a major river is called a
drainage basin
a boundary that separates distinct drainage basins is called a
drainage
as water flows downhill under the influence of gravity, water erodes earths surface creating
channels
young rivers are ______ due to the fast movements
V shaped
_____ rivers are wide with smooth and gentle slopes.
mature
when rivers flood and drop there sediment loads drop what is the land form called
flood plains
What are fan shaped sediment deposits that will form at the mouth of the river
deltas
what are the branching channels created by deltas called
distributaries
what is it called where a mouth of a river or stream enters dry land
alluvial fans
what are the two types of glaciers
valley and continental glaciers
where can each glacier be found?
Valley= high mountainous regions continental= in Greenland and Antarctica
what is a cirque
bowl shaped basins
what is an arete
2 adjacent valley glaciers meet and erode a long sharp ridge-line
what is a horn?
sharpened peaks
what do tributary glaciers create
hanging valley
what are tributary glaciers
small glaciers that feed into large glaciers
what shape of valleys do valley glaciers create
U shaped
which side of a dune does erosion occur
windward side
which side does deposition occur
leeward side
what is deflation
the removal of small particles by wind leaving heavier particles behind
what is desert pavement
when small particles are removed the remaining surface
what does the shape and size of land forms depend on due to wind
wind
speed
amount of time the wind blows, sediment supply
what are three land forms created by erosion
coastal cliffs
sea arches
sea stacks
what are 2 examples of wave deposition
sand bars
sand spits
what is a sandbar
k
landforms that are parallel to the shoreline
what is a sand spit
sandbars that extend into the water from land and curve back toward land in a hook shape
what is mass wasting caused by
snow rain earthquakes or human activity
what are some examples of mass wasting
rock slides mud flows landslides
absolute dating
the process of assigning an exact numerical age of an organism
relative dating
is the process of placing objects or events in their proper order in time
uniformitarianism
which states that the laws of nature operate today as they have in the past
principle of superposition
states that in an undisturbed sequence of sedimentary rock layers, the youngest rocks will be at the top and the oldest rocks at the bottom
unconformities
gaps in the rocks record during which either erosion occurred or deposition was absent
fossils
the remains or traces of organism found in the geologic rock record
infiltration
process by which water enters earth and becomes ground water below the surface
water table
the upper boundary of saturated zone
aquifer
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space ]’
porosity
the materials percentage of the materials total volume that is pore space
what percentage of water on earth is salt
97%
what percentage of water on Earth is freshwter
3%
where is the majority of fresh water found
in glaciers
where is the smaller percentage of fresh water found
lakes, rivers, and ground water
what is precipitation 😹
when water vapor in the air cools and condenses to form liquid water or ice crystals😈
what is runoff
water running off the land surface
👽
what is infiltration
the process by which water enters earth and becomes ground water below the surface
what is transpiration ♿
when plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves
what is evaporation ⚧
when water enters the atmosphere as water vapor
what is condensation 🤯
when water vapor collides with other water vapor molecules to form water droplets
what is the water cycle
where fresh water moves from the land to the atmosphere and then back to the land
what is an unsaturated zone for ground water storage
is a porous area where water easily passes through
what 👺 is a saturated zone for groundwater storage
beneath the unsaturated zone where water completely fills the pore space
what is a water table
the upper boundary of the saturated zone
what does it mean if sediment is permeable
the more permeable the material is the easier water can infiltrate though the ground
what is an aquifers
a rock unit that can transfer water through its pore space
what is the name of the great plains aquifer
Ogallala Aquifer
how many states does the great plains aquifer run through
8 states
what are the names of the states that the great plains aquifer runs through
South Dakota, Wyoming, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas
what is an aquitard ⚧
a layer that doesn’t allow water to pass through it
how are water springs formed
where water table naturally meets the earths surface
what is an artesian well
where we drill into a pressurized aquifer
what is a cone of depression
its where water flows in a direction down toward a well creating the cone shape
absolute dating
