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ENT > Nose pathology > Flashcards

Nose pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What has to be excluded in nasal septal fracture?

A

septal haematoma

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2
Q

Symptoms of nasal septal fracture…

A 
brusing
swelling 
tenderness
deviation
epistaxis
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3
Q

tx for nasal septal fracture…

A

manipulation under anaesthetic

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4
Q

complications of nasal septal fracture…

A

haematoma
CSF leak/meningitis
anosmoia

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5
Q

What can a septal haematoma lead to…

A

separation of perichondrium, de-vascularisation of cartilage which can lead to necrosis and infection

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6
Q

Tx for mild epistaxis…

A

lean forward
external compression
ice

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7
Q

Tx for moderate epistaxis…

A

silver nitrate cautery or electrocautery

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8
Q

Tx for severe epistaxis…

A

packing
topical vasoconstriction
possible arterial ligation

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9
Q

Describe acute sinusitis…

A

symptomatic inflammation of mucosal lining of nasal cavity

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10
Q

symptoms of acute sinusitis…

A

purulent nasal discharge
nasal obstruction
facial pain/pressures over sinuses

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11
Q

tx of acute sinusitis if immunosuppressed…

A

immediate antibiotics

referral to ENT

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12
Q

Tx for acute bacterial sinusitis…

A

1st line - penicillin

2nd line - doxycycline

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13
Q

Tx for acute viral sinusitis…

A 
analgesia
decongestants
intranasal corticosteroids
ipratropium
mucolytics
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14
Q

How long does sinusitis need to last before it is classed as chronic?

A

more than 12 weeks

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15
Q

What surgical Tx can be done for chronic sinusitis?

A

FESS (functional endoscopic sinus surgery)

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of rhinitis?

A

allergic

non-allergic

17
Q

What type of allergic reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

type 1

IgE mediated

18
Q

What Ix is carried out for allergic rhinitis?

A

skin prick test

RAST test

19
Q

Tx for allergic rhinitis…

A

1st line- oral/intranasal antihistamine, intranasal corticosteroid

2nd line - leukotrine receptor antagonist

20
Q

What are the 2 types of non-allergic rhinitis?

A

vasomotor

NAR eosiniphillic syndrome

21
Q

How is non-allergic rhinitis diagnosed?

A

negative skin prick test

22
Q

Tx for non-allergic rhinitis…

A 
ipratropium
nasal saline irrigation
intranasal antihistamine and corticosteroid
oral decongestant
surgical - CO2 laser turbinectomy
23
Q

What is the most common sinus for nasal polyps to appear in?

A

ethmoidal sinuses

24
Q

What is associated with nasal polyps?

A

asthma

EGPA

25
Q

When do nasal polyps require further Ix?

A

if in children or unilateral

26
Q

Tx for nasal polyps…

A

corticosteroids

surgical polypectomy

27
Q

What virus are inverting papillomas associated with?

A

HPV

28
Q

Are papillomas malignant?

A

No but can change into something malignant

29
Q

Sx of inverting papillomas…

A

anosmia
irritation
bleeding
occlusion

30
Q

Tx for inverting papillomas…

A

removal

radiotherapy if malignant

31
Q

What is the most common nasal cancer?

A

SCC

32
Q

What are the 2 types of nasal carcinoma?

A

SCC

adenocarcinoma

33
Q

Sx of nasal carcinoma…

A

unilateral obstruction
nose bleeds
mucus
hyposmia

34
Q

Tx for nasal cancers…

A

complete surgical resection

adjuvant radiotherapy

ENT (7 decks)

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