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ENT > Ear pathology > Flashcards

Ear pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the clinical name for ear pain?

A

otlagia

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of hearing loss?

A

conductive

sensorineural

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3
Q

Which type of hearing loss is more likely to be genetic?

A

sensorineural

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4
Q

What frequency are the tuning forks for the test?

A

512 hz

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5
Q

What investigation is carried out for vertigo?

A

Dix-Hallpike test

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6
Q

What is the difference between Rinnes and Webers test?

A

Rinnes - tests conduction (fork over mastoid process)

Webers - localises problem (fork on forehead)

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7
Q

Is a positive or negative Rinnes test normal?

A

positive

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8
Q

In an audiogram, what is normal?

A

anything over 20db

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9
Q

What is conductive hearing loss?

A

air conduction is impaired

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10
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

air and bone conduction are impaired

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11
Q

What is the Dix-Hallpike manouvre?

A

patient sits upright and turns head 45 degrees

if positive - will see nystagmus

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12
Q

What is a pinna haematoma?

A

collection of blood in ear after trauma

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13
Q

What can a pinna haematoma lead to?

A

avascular necrosis

leads to cauliflower ear

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14
Q

Tx for pinna haematoma…

A

incision and drainage

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15
Q

What is cerumen impaction and what can it lead to?

A

build up of ear wax

can lead to conductive hearing loss

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16
Q

Tx for cerumen impaction?

A

ear drops for 3-5 days
or
ear irrigation

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17
Q

What is an infection of the external ear called?

A

otitis externa

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18
Q

What are the 2 most common bacterial causes of otitis externa?

A

staph aureus

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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19
Q

Tx for otitis externa…

A

topical ABs and a topical steroid

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20
Q

What is malignant otitis externa?

A

spread of infection. Can occur if immunocompromised.

Can lead to facial nerve dysfunction

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21
Q

Tx for malignant otitis oxterna…

A

Urgent ENT referral

IV antibiotics

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22
Q

What is acute otitis media?

A

infection of middle ear space

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23
Q

What is chronic otitis media?

A

otitis media that has lasted >6 weeks with a perforated tympanic membrane

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24
Q

Who is otitis media most common in and why?

A

chhildren

shorter eustachian tube so easier for infection to spread

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25
Q

What organisms cause acute otitis media?

A

Haemophillus

Strep pneumoniae

26
Q

Triad of Sx for acute otitis media…

A

Otalgia
Conductive hearing loss
Fever

27
Q

What is ear discharge a sign of in acute otitis media?

A

perforated tympanic membrame

28
Q

Tx for acute otitis media…

A

1 - analgesia (Self-limiting)

2 - amoxicillin

29
Q

What is OME and who is it most common in?

A

Otitis media with effusion (sterile fluid in middle ear)

peak age - 2

30
Q

Presentation for OME…

A

conductive hearing loss
speech and language delay
behavioural problems

31
Q

Tx for OME…

A

observe for 3 months

no improvement - myringotomy + grommets

32
Q

What are the complications of mastoiditis?

A

meningitis, brain abscess

33
Q

Tx for mastoiditis…

A

IV antibiotics

34
Q

What is a cholesteatoma?

A

build up of squamous epithelium (Skin)

35
Q

What is a risk factor for a cholesteatoma?

A

cleft palate

36
Q

Presentation of cholesteatoma…

A

foul smelling non resolving discharge
hearing loss
sign - attic crust

37
Q

Tx for cholesteatoma…

A

surgery

38
Q

What is prebycusis and what is the Tx?

A

Age associated sensorineural hearing loss

hearing aids

39
Q

What is otosclerosis?

A

replacement of cortical bone by vascular bone

causes conductive deafness in young pt

40
Q

Tx for otosclerosis?

A

hearing aids/stapedectomy

41
Q

Dx if vertigo symptoms last seconds?

A

BBPV

42
Q

Dx if vertigo symptoms last minutes-hours?

A

Menieres disease

43
Q

Dx if vertigo symptoms last hours-days?

A

labyrnthitis/vestibular neuronitis

44
Q

Dx if vertigo symptoms are chronic?

A

acoustic neuroma

45
Q

symptoms of BBPV?

A

N & V
vertigo seconds-minutes
no tinnitus/hearing loss

46
Q

Ix for BBPV…

A

Dix-Hallpike

47
Q

Tx for BBPV…

A

Epley manouvre

48
Q

What causes menieres disease?

A

excessive pressure in endolymphatic system

49
Q

Sx of menieres disease..

A

tinnitus
HEARING LOSS
aural fullness

50
Q

Ix and findings for menieres disease…

A

audiogram

low frequency sensorineural hearing loss

51
Q

Tx for menieres disease…

A

Stop driving until controlled
low salt diet
attacks - prochloperazine

52
Q

What is labyrinthitis?

A

inflammation of membranous lymph

53
Q

Sx of labyrinthitis…

A 
Vertigo - hours-days
N&V
tinnitus
hearing loss
horizontal nystagmus
gait disturbance
54
Q

Tx for labyrinthitis…

A

self-limiting

55
Q

What is vestibular neuritis?

A

inflammation of vestibular nerve

can develop after viral infection

56
Q

Sx of vestibular neuritis…

A

vertigo

N&V

57
Q

Tx for vestibular neuritis…

A

vestobular rehabilitation

prochloperazine

58
Q

What is vestibular schwannoma?

A

benign tumour of vestibular and cochlear nerves

59
Q

What are bilateral vestibular schwannomas associated wtih?

A

NF 2

60
Q

Sx of vestibular schwannoma…

A

vertigo
unilateral hearing loss
unilateral tinnitus
(facial palsy, absent corneal reflex)

61
Q

Ix and Tx for vestibular schwannoma?

A

MRI

Surgery

ENT (7 decks)

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