Nose

Question 1

The conducting portion consists of

Answer 1

1. Nasal cavities
2. Nasopharynx
3. Larynx
4. Trachea
5. Bronchi
6. Bronchioles
7. Terminal bronchioles

Question 2

The respiratory portion consists of:

Answer 2

1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveoli

Question 3

The conducting portion serves two main functions:

Answer 3

1. To provide a conduit through which air moves to and from the lungs
2. To condition the inspired air.

Question 4

Most of the conducting portion is lined with:

Answer 4

ciliated pseudostratified
columnar epithelium known as respiratory epithelium

Question 5

Respiratory epithelium has at least five cell types:

Answer 5

1. Ciliated columnar cells
2. Goblet cells
3. Brush cells
4. Small granule cells
5. Basal cells

Question 6

Respiratory epithelium ciliated columnar cells are

Answer 6

the most abundant, each with about 300 cilia on its apical surface

Question 7

Respiratory epithelium Goblet cells are

Answer 7

1. Abundant in some areas of the respiratory epithelium
2. Filled in their apical portions with granules of mucin glycoproteins.

Question 8

Identify Goblet Cells

Answer 8

Question 9

Respiratory epithelium Brush cells

Answer 9

1. Brush cells express some signal transduction components like those of gustatory cells
2. Have afferent nerve endings on their basal surfaces and are considered to be chemosensory receptors.
3. Are a much more sparsely scattered and less easily found
4. Columnar cell type, which has a small apical surface bearing a tuft of many short, blunt microvilli

Question 10

Respiratory epithelium Small granule cells

Answer 10

1. Are also difficult to distinguish in routine preparations
2. Possess numerous dense core granules 100–300nm in diameter.
3. Like brush cells, they represent about 3% of the total cells
4. Are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system

Question 11

Respiratory epithelium Basal cells

Answer 11

1. Small rounded cells on the basement membrane
2. Not extending to the luminal surface
3. Are stem cells that give rise to the other cell types.

Question 12

Immotile cilia syndrome causes:

Answer 12

1. Infertility in men
2. Chronic respiratory tract infections in both sexes

Question 13

Immotile cilia syndrome is caused by :

Answer 13

1. Immobility of cilia and flagella induced
2. In some cases by a deficiency of dynein, a protein normally present in the cilia.Dynein participates in the ciliary movement

Question 14

The left and right nasal cavity each has two components:

Answer 14

1. The external vestibule
2. The internal nasal cavities (or fossae).

Question 15

The vestibule is the most

Answer 15

anterior and dilated portion of each nasal cavity.

Question 16

Within the vestibule, the epithelium

Answer 16

1. Loses its keratinized nature
2. Undergoes a transition into typical respiratory epithelium before entering the nasal fossae.

Question 17

Skin of the nose enters the

Answer 17

nares (nostrils) partway up the vestibule

Question 18

Embedded in the epithelial lining of the external vestibule are hairs called:

Answer 18

Vibrissae

Question 19

Whiskers or vibrissae (singular: vibrissa) are

Answer 19

a type of mammalian hair that are typically characterised, anatomically, by their large size, large and well-innervated hair follicle and by having an identifiable representation in the somatosensory cortex of the brain

Question 20

Where does epithelium loses its keratinized nature and undergoes a transition into typical respiratory epithelium

Answer 20

Within the vestibule,

Question 21

The nasal cavities lie within the skull as

Answer 21

Two cavernous chambers

Question 22

The nasal cavities are separated by

Answer 22

The osseous nasal septum.

Question 23

Nasal Conchae.

Answer 23

Question 24

Conchae are

Answer 24

Three bony shelflike projections extending from each lateral wall

Question 25

Which conchae are covered with respiratory epithelium

Answer 25

1. ---------- 2. **Middle** 3. ** Inferior**

Question 26

Which conchae is covered with a specialized olfactory epithelium.

Answer 26

1. **Superior** 2. ------------- 3. ------------- ^{(Labels are in foreign language)}

Question 27

Swell bodies are

Answer 27

Large venous plexuses within the lamina propria of the conchae

Question 28

The narrow passages between the conchae

Answer 28

Improve the conditioning of the inspired air by 1. Increasing the surface area of moist, warm respiratory epithelium 2. Slowing and increasing turbulence in the airflow.

Question 29

Every 20–30 minutes, the swell bodies on one side become

Answer 29

temporarily engorged with blood, resulting in * distension of the conchal mucosa * concomitant decrease in the flow of air. During this time, most of the air is directed through the other nasal fossa, allowing the engorged respiratory mucosa to recover from dehydration.

Question 30

Once the air reaches the nasal fossae...

Answer 30

particulate and gaseous impurities are trapped in a layer of mucus.

Question 31

The olfactory chemoreceptors are located in

Answer 31

The olfactory epithelium,

Question 32

In humans the olfacotory epithelium is: Area: Thickness:

Answer 32

Area=10 cm² Thickness=100 µm

Question 33

The olfactory epithelium is made from

Answer 33

pseudostratified columnar epithelium composed of three cell types

Question 34

Cell types of olfactory epithelium

Answer 34

1. Basal cells 2. Supporting cells 3. Olfactory neurons

Question 35

Identify Basal cells ,Supporting cells & Olfactory neurons

Answer 35

Question 36

Identify Basal cells ,Supporting cells & Olfactory neurons

Answer 36

Question 37

Basal cells are

Answer 37

1. Small, spherical or cone-shaped 2. Form a layer at the basal lamina. 3. **_They are the stem cells for the other two types._**

Question 38

Supporting cells are

Answer 38

1. Columnar 2. Have Broad cylindrical apexes 3. Narrow bases. 4. On their free surface are microvilli submerged in a fluid layer.

Question 39

Supporting cells are bound to the adjacent olfactory cells by:

Answer 39

Well-developed junctional complexes

Question 40

Supporting cells express abundant ion channels whose function appears to be required to

Answer 40

maintain a microenvironment conducive to olfactory function and survival.

Question 41

Olfactory neurons are

Answer 41

Bipolar neurons

Question 42

Olfactory neurons are

Answer 42

distinguished from supporting cells by the position of their nuclei, which lie between those of the supporting cells and the basal cells.

Question 43

The dendrite end of each olfactory neuron is

Answer 43

the apical (luminal) pole of the cell

Question 44

The apical (luminal) pole of the cell has

Answer 44

a knoblike swelling with about a dozen basal bodies.

Question 45

From the basal bodies emerge

Answer 45

long nonmotile cilia with defective axonemes but a considerable surface area for membrane chemoreceptors.

Question 46

These chemoreceptors receptors respond to odoriferous substances by

Answer 46

* Generating an action potential along the (basal) axons of these neurons * The axons _leave_ the _epithelium_ and _unite_ in the _lamina propria_ as very small nerves * which then pass _through_ **foramina** in the **cribriform** plate of the **ethmoid** bone to the brain.

Question 47

In the brain Olfactory neurons axons merge to form

Answer 47

Cranial nerve I (The olfactory nerve) They eventually synapse with other neurons in the olfactory bulb.

Question 48

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium possesses large serous glands called:

Answer 48

The Glands of Bowman

Question 49

The Glands of Bowman

Answer 49

1. produce a flow of fluid surrounding the olfactory cilia 2. Facilitate the access of new odoriferous substances.

Question 50

The olfactory neurons are some of the only neurons

Answer 50

to be replaced regularly and constantly due to regenerative activity of the epithelial stem cells from which they arise.

Question 51

Lloss of the sense of smell due to toxic fumes or physical injury to the epithelium is usually

Answer 51

Temporary. (due to regenerative activity of the epithelial stem cells from which olfactory neurons arise)

Question 52

Permanent loss of olfaction occurs if

Answer 52

there is damage to the** ethmoid bone** at the base of the skull that_ shears the olfactory axons_ and blocks axonal regeneration through the cribriform plate.

Question 53

The paranasal sinuses are:

Answer 53

Bilateral cavities in the 1. Frontal 2. Maxillary 3. Ethmoid 4. Sphenoid bones of the skull

Question 54

The paranasal sinuses communicate with

Answer 54

the nasal cavities through small openings

Question 55

Mucus produced in the sinuses is moved into the nasal passages by

Answer 55

the activity of the ciliated epithelial cells.

Question 56

Sinusitis is an

Answer 56

inflammatory process of the sinuses that may persist for long periods of time, _mainly because of obstruction of drainage orifices_. Chronic sinusitis and bronchitis are components of immotile cilia syndrome, which is characterized by defective ciliary action.