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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue is formed by three classes of
components:

A
  1. Cells
  2. Fibers
  3. Ground substance.
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2
Q

The major constituent of connective tissue is

A

Extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Extracellular matrices consist of
different combinations of

A
  1. Protein fibers (collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers)
  2. Ground substance.
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4
Q

Ground substance is a complex of

A
  1. Anionic hydrophilic proteoglycans
  2. Glycosaminoglycans
  3. Mmultiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others)
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5
Q

Ground substance stabilizes the ECM by

A

binding to receptor proteins (integrins) on the surface of
cells and to the other matrix components.

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6
Q

The connective tissues originate from

A

the mesenchyme, an embryonic tissue formed by elongated undifferentiated cells, the mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

Mesenchymal cells are characterized by:

A

oval nuclei with prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin. They possess many thin cytoplasmic processes and are immersed in an abundant and viscous extracellular substance containing few fibers

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8
Q

The mesenchyme develops mainly from

A

the middle layer
of the embryo, the mesoderm

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9
Q

Mesenchyme also develops into
other types of structures, such as:

A
  1. Blood cells
  2. Endothelial cells,
  3. Muscle cells.
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10
Q

Most common cells in connective tissue:

A

Fibroblast

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11
Q

Fibroblasts synthesize most components of connective tissue ECM, including:

A
  1. Proteins, such as collagen and elastin, which upon secretion form collagen, reticular, and elastic fibers
  2. Glycosaminoglycans
  3. Proteoglycans
  4. Glycoproteins
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12
Q

Fibroblast denotes

A

The active cell

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13
Q

Fibrocyte denotes

A

The quiescent cell.

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14
Q

Myofibroblast are responsible for

A

A process called wound contraction.

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15
Q

In the electron microscope, macrophages are characterized by

A

an irregular surface with pleats, protrusions, and indentations.

(A morphologic expression of their active pinocytotic andphagocytic activities.)

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16
Q

Macrophages functions

A
  1. Phagocytose cell debris, abnormal extracellular matrix elements, neoplastic cells, bacteria, and inert elements that penetrate the organism.
  2. They are antigen presenting cells that participate in the processes of partialdigestion and presentation of antigen to other cells .
  3. Participate in cell-mediated resistance to infection by bacteria, viruses, protozoans, fungi, and metazoans (eg, parasitic worms); in cell-mediated resistance to tumors
  4. Extrahepatic bile production
  5. Iron metabolism
  6. Fat metabolism
  7. Destruction of aged erythrocytes.
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17
Q

When macrophages are stimulated

A

they change their morphological characteristics and metabolism. They become activated macrophages

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18
Q

Mast cells have cytoplasm that is filled with

A

basophilic secretory
granules.

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19
Q

Mast cells are

(size)

A

7–30 um

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20
Q

Because of their high content of acidic radicals in their sulfated glycosaminoglycans, mast cell granules display

A

Metachromasia

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21
Q

Mast cell granules contain and release from granules:

A
  1. Heparin, a sulfated glycosaminoglycan that acts locally as an anticoagulant
  2. Histamine, which promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction Serine proteases, which activate various mediators of inflammation
  3. Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors which attract those leukocytes
  4. Cytokines. polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system.
  5. Phospholipid precursers for conversion to prostoglandins, leukotrienes and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory process.
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22
Q

Mast cells occur in many connective tissues, but are especially numerous near

A
  1. Small blood vessels in -skin & mesenteries (perivascularmast cells)
  2. Mucosa lining digestive and respiratory tracts (mucosal mast cells).
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23
Q

Release of the chemical mediators stored in mast cells promotes the allergic reactions known as

A

immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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24
Q

Mast cell antibody

A

IgE

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25
Q

Leukocytes leave blood by migrating between the
endothelial cells lining capillaries and postcapillary venules to enter connective tissue by a process called

A

Diapedesis

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26
Q

The three main types of connective tissue fibers are:

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Reticular
  3. Elastic fibers.
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27
Q

Reticular fibers contain type (collagen)

A

III collagen

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28
Q

Deficiency of collagen type III found in

A

Ehlers–Danlos type IV disease

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29
Q

Ehlers–Danlos type IV disease is characterized by

A

ruptures in arteries and the intestine, both
structures rich in reticular fibers.

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30
Q

Reticular fibers constitute a network around

A

the parenchymal cells of various organs (eg, liver, endocrine glands) and are particularly abundant in the framework of hematopoietic organs (eg, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow).

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31
Q

Ehlers-Danlos type VI

A

Faulty lysine hydroxylation Augmented skin elasticity, rupture of eyeball

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32
Q

Ehlers-Danlos type VII

A

Decrease in procollagen peptidase activity
Increased articular mobility, frequent luxation

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33
Q

Scurvy Lack of vitamin C

A
  1. Ulceration of gums
  2. Hemorrhages

(cofactor for prolyl hydroxylase)

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34
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

Change of one nucleotide in genes for collagen
type I Spontaneous fractures, cardiac insufficiency

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35
Q

Elastic fibers are also thinner than

A

Type I collagen fiber

36
Q

Elastic fibers are a composite of

A

Fibrillin microfibrils embedded in a larger mass of cross linked elastin

37
Q

Formation of elastic fibers.

A
  1. Microfibrils( 10 nm) composed of the glycoprotein fibrillin (350 kDa) is secreted by fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells or other cells.
  2. Elastin is deposited
  3. Elastin accumulates and ultimately occupies the center of an elastic fiber,
    which retains fibrillin microfibrils at the surface
38
Q

Microfibrils of fibrillin alone are used in some organs, such as

A

to hold in
place the lens of the eye.

Such microfibrils are not elastic but are highly
resistant to pulling forces, whereas the mature elastic fibers stretch
easily in response to tension.

39
Q

Elastin molecules are

(Shape)

A

globular

40
Q

Elastin molecules are

(size)

A

molecular mass 70 kDa

41
Q

Elastin molecules are secreted by

A

fibro-blasts in connective
tissue and by smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels

42
Q

Elastin molecules are rich in

(Amino acids)

A

glycine and proline

43
Q

Elastin contains two unusual amino acids:

A

Desmosine and Isodesmosine

which are
produced when covalent cross-links are formed among four lysinere sidues in different elastin molecules

44
Q

Elastin is resistant to digestion by

A

most
proteases, but is easily hydrolyzed by pancreatic elastase.

45
Q

Marfan syndrome is caused by

A

mutations in the FBN1 gene on chromosome 15 which encodes the glycoprotein fibrillin-1, a component of the extracellular matrix. Fibrillin-1 protein is essential for the proper formation of the extracellular matrix, including the biogenesis and maintenance of elastic fibers.

46
Q

Ground Substance of ECM made from 3 substance:

A
  1. GAG’s
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Multiadhesive glycoproteins
47
Q

GAGs (originally called mucopolysaccharides) are

A
  1. linear polysaccharides formed by repeating disaccharide units usually composed of a uronic acid and a hexosamine.
  2. The hexosamine can be glucosamine or galactosamine
  3. The uronic acid can be glucuronic or iduronic acid.
48
Q

The largest, most unique, and most
ubiquitous GAG is

A

hyaluronic acid

49
Q

Hyaluronic acid is a long polymer of

A

the
disaccharide glucosamine – glucuronate

50
Q

hyaluronic acid molecular
weight

A

100s to 1000s kDa

51
Q

Hyaluronic acid is synthesized directly into
the ECM by

A

an enzyme complex, hyaluronate synthase, located in the
cell membrane of many cells.

52
Q

All other GAGs are

A
  1. Much smaller (10–40 kDa)
  2. Covalently attached to proteins (as parts of proteoglycans)
  3. Synthesized in Golgi complexes,
  4. Rich in sulfate.
53
Q

The four main GAGs found in proteoglycans are

A
  1. Dermatan sulfate
  2. Chondroitin sulfates
  3. Keratan sulfate
  4. Heparan sulfate

All of which have different disaccharide units and tissue distributions

54
Q

Proteoglycans are composed of

A

a core protein to which are covalently
attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs

55
Q

The dominant proteoglycan in cartilage.

A

aggrecan

56
Q

In aggrecan the core protein has

A

several chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains and is in turn bound via a link protein to hyaluronic acid.

57
Q

In cartilage, the core proteins of secreted proteoglycans are bound via small link proteins to

A

a hyaluronic acid chain forming much larger structures—proteoglycan aggregates.

58
Q

Cell-surface proteoglycans such as syndecan are present on many types
of cells, particularly

A

epithelial cells

59
Q

The core protein of cell-surface
proteoglycans spans

A

the plasma membrane, with a short cytoplasmic
extension.

60
Q

|Deficiency in lysosomal enzymes
causes glycosaminoglycan degradation to be blocked.

Disorders in humans, including

A
  1. Hurler
  2. Hunter
  3. Sanfilippo
  4. Morquio syndromes.
61
Q

Bacteria that produce
hyaluronidase, an enzyme that hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid and other glycosaminoglycans, have

A

greater invasive power

62
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins have carbohydrates attached, but in contrast to proteoglycans

A

the protein moiety usually predominates.

63
Q

The carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins is frequently

A

a branched structure.

64
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins are

A
  1. Fibronectin
  2. laminin
65
Q

About laminin …

A

trimeric, cross-shaped glycoprotein that participates in the adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina, with binding sites for type IVcollagen, GAGs, and integrins.

66
Q

About Fibronectin

A

dimeric molecule, with a molecular mass of 222–240 kDa, has
binding sites for collagens, certain GAGs, and integrins of cell
membranes, ie, it is multiadhesive.

67
Q

Glycoproteins have important roles in

A

the adhesion of cells to their substrate.

68
Q

Cells interact with extracellular matrix components by using cell-surface molecules called

A

integrins,

69
Q

Integrins bind their ligands in the ECM

A

with relatively low affinity, allowing cells to explore their environment
without losing attachment to it or becoming glued to it.

70
Q

Integrins also interact with the cytoskeleton, usually

A

The actin microfilaments

71
Q

Integrins also interact with the cytoskeleton, usually the actin microfilaments, an interaction mediated by several intracellular proteins, such as

A

talin and vinculin.

72
Q

Intergrin molecule streucture

A

Heterodimer, with
alpha and beta chains. The head portion may protrude some 20 nm from the surface of the
cell membrane into the ECM where it interacts with fibronectin, laminin, or
collagens.

73
Q

There are two general classes of connective tissue proper:

A

loose and dense

74
Q

Loose connective tissue is a very common type of connective tissue that supports many structures which are

A

normally under some pressure
and low friction.

75
Q

Loose connective tissue.It usually .

A
  1. supports epithelial tissue
  2. Forms a layer around small blood and lymphatic vessels
  3. Fills the spaces between muscle and nerve fibers.
  4. Is found in the papillary layer of the dermis
  5. Is found in the hypodermis
  6. Is found in the linings of the peritoneal and pleural cavities,
  7. Is found in glands
  8. Is found in the mucous membranes
76
Q

Loose connective tissue, sometimes called

A

areolar tissue

77
Q

The most numerous cells of loose connective tissue are

A

fibroblasts and macrophages,

78
Q

Dense connective tissue is adapted to

A

offer resistance and protection.

79
Q

Dense connective tissue is …………………. than is loose connective tissue.

A

less flexible and far more
resistant to stress

80
Q

Dense connective tissue is known as dense irregular connective tissue when

A

the collagen fibers are arranged in
bundles without a definite orientation.

81
Q

Reticular fibers of type III collagen are produced by specialized fibroblasts called

A

reticular cells

82
Q

Heavily glycosylated reticular fibers provide the architectural framework that creates special
microenvironments for

A

hematopoietic organs and lymphoid organs
(bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen).

83
Q

Mucous tissue is found mainly

A

in the umbilical cord and fetal tissues.

84
Q

Mucous tissue has an abundance of ground substance
composed chiefly of

A

hyaluronic acid, making it a jellylike tissue
containing very few collagen fibers with scattered fibroblasts

85
Q

Mucous tissue is the principal component of the umbilical cord,
where it is referred to as

A

Wharton’s jelly.

86
Q
A

Histology (8 decks)

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