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_Haematology > Normocytic anaemia > Flashcards

Normocytic anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

how much iron do we need in our diets / day? and how much of that can be absorbed?

A

15mg, 1mg absorbed

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2
Q

Where in the digestive tract is iron absorbed?

A

duodenum
upper jejunum

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3
Q

what are the two main blood loss causes of iron deficiency?

A

GI bleeding
menstrual bleeding

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4
Q

what does ferritin do?

A

keeps iron (ferret)IN the cells

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5
Q

what does transferrin do?

A

transfer iron around the body

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6
Q

what vitamin helps with iron absorption?

A

C

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7
Q

How can normocytic anaemias be divided?

A
  • haemolytic (e.g sickle cell)
  • non-haemolytic
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8
Q

What’s the mode of inheritance of sickle cell anaemia?

A

AR

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9
Q

When a baby is born, what ratios are they producing HbA to HbF?

A

Around 50/50

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10
Q

What gene is affected in sickle cell anaemia? (inc. chromosome no.)

A

abnormal gene for beta globin
chromosome 11

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11
Q

How many copies of the abnormal gene would someone with sickle cell trait have?

A

Just one copy. usually asymptomatic.

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12
Q

Why is the sickle cell gene more prevalent in areas with Malaria?

A

Sickle cell trait reduces a person’s chances of dying from malaria, and so there is a selective advantage to having the sickle cell gene.

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13
Q

When is sickle cell tested for in newborns?

A

at five days old using the heel prick test

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14
Q

what things can trigger a sickle cell crisis? (4 things)

A

infection
cold
dehydration
stress

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15
Q

What is the diagnostic test for sickle cell anaemia?

A

Hb electrophoresis

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16
Q

What shape are red blood cells in hereditary spherocytosis

A

sphere shaped

17
Q

what mode of inheritance is hereditary spherocytosis?

A

autosomal dominant

18
Q

what happens in hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • RBCs are sphere shaped
  • makes them fragile
  • destroyed when passing through the spleen
19
Q

what is an aplastic crisis of hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • increased haemolysis
  • leads to jaundice and anaemia
  • no corresponding increase in RBC production by bone marrow
20
Q

what virus can commonly cause an aplastic crisis in hereditary spherocytosis?

A
21
Q

what three things give a diagnosis of hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • family history
  • clinical features
  • spherocytes on blood film
22
Q

what blood cell will be raised in hereditary spherocytosis?

A

reticulocytes (due to high RBC turnover)

23
Q

treatment for hereditary spherocytosis?

A
  • folate supplements
  • splenectomy
24
Q

where does furosemide act on the nephron?

A

ascending limb of the loop of Henle

25
Q

what does the G6PDH in G6PDH deficiency stand for?

A

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

26
Q

what pattern of inheritance is G6PDH deficiency?

A

X-linked recessive

27
Q

what happens in G6PDH deficiency?

A
  • lack of G6PDH enzyme
  • G6PDH is protective of RBCs (stops build up of reactive oxygen species in RBCS)
  • lack of G6PDH leads to haemolysis
28
Q

most people with G6PDH deficiency are asymptomatic, however triggers can bring on symptoms. Give three triggers

A
  • infections
  • medications
  • foods e.g broad beans
29
Q

treatment for G6PDH deficiency episodes?

A
  • treatment of cause of episode
  • consider blood transfusion
30
Q

signs and symptoms of an episode of G6PDH deficiency? (give four)

A
  • jaundice
  • dark urine
  • SOB
  • tiredness
31
Q

what happens in autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A
32
Q

what are the two types of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A
33
Q

what’s an alternate name for cold type autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A
34
Q

what happens at less than 10 degrees in cold type autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A
35
Q

what four things can be done for autoimmune haemolytic anaemia?

A
36
Q

what are the two main types of non-haemolytic normocytic anaemias we should be aware of?

A
37
Q

why does CKD cause normocytic anaemia?

A
38
Q

what’s the diagnostic test for aplastic anaemia?

A
39
Q

how can aplastic anaemia be treated?

A

_Haematology (14 decks)

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