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GCSE History > Normans Timeline > Flashcards

Normans Timeline Flashcards

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1
Q

What were castellans

A

People who were in charge of castles

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2
Q

What were freemen (2 points)

A
  • freed peasants
  • paid rent to the lord for their land
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3
Q

What were villeins (3 points)

A
  • peasants who worked on the lord’s land for no pay
  • no freedom
  • received a small amount of land in return for work
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4
Q

What were slaves (2 points)

A
  • no land
  • no freedom
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5
Q

What were bordars and cottars?

A

Peasants poorer than villeins being given less land

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6
Q

4 reasons why Normans built castles

A

Housed soldiers to put down rebellions, protected Normans in danger, intimidated English, destroyed English housing to build, forced English to build them, charged English taxes to maintain them, permanent reminder that Normans were in charge, deterred rebellions

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7
Q

What were AS houses made of

A

Mostly wattle and daub (like a thatched cottage)

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8
Q

Who were more wealthy: townspeople or villagers?

A

Towns people

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9
Q

In AS England, how often were markets held

A

Many towns had markets and these were weekly

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10
Q

What did the Saxons export (3 things) from coastal towns

A

Wool, cheese and iron

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11
Q

What were most goods in AS?

A

Bartered (traded)

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12
Q

What type of coins did the saxons have, and where were they from

A

Silver coins (silver imported from Germany)

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13
Q

Where were most AS towns?

A

On the south or east coasts (access to Europe) or at key river crossings

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14
Q

How many towns were there in AS England?

A

100 by 1060 (very few)

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15
Q

Which AS town was the largest, and how many people lived there?

A

London (Ludenwic) had 10,000 people

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16
Q

Where did towns develop in the Norman period

A

Around castles or trading links

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17
Q

Basic features in a Norman town (5 things)

A

Market square, high street, stone church, merchants operating from buildings on the high street, gated town

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18
Q

What were town citizens called

A

Burgesses

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19
Q

Social hierarchy of a Norman town

A

Top: merchants, lawyers, doctors, property owners
Middle: craftsmen (skilled workers e.g. smiths, barbers, carpenters)
Bottom: unskilled workers, labourers and servants

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20
Q

What is a guild

A

Society of merchants and craftsmen. They decided who was allowed to carry out business in a town

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21
Q

Why did Norman towns increase in size and number?

A

Greater trade links with mainland Europe

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22
Q

5 methods for preventing rebellions

A

Burning villages, Harrying of the North, Murdrum fines, tithing, hue & cry, left people William trusted in charge, built castles, paid Danish to leave etc.

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23
Q

What was important about the death of Edward the Confessor?

A
  • Edward had no heir
  • promised multiple people the throne - unclear who should take over (Vikings, William, Harold, Edgar)
  • allowed Norman invasion to happen
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24
Q

Write an account of the ways William won the Battle of Hastings

A
  • Harold had footmen (hand to hand fighting) but W had cavalry
  • tactics: fake retreats, english shieldwall was easily broken
  • norman archers shot straight up over the shield wall
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25
Q

In the AS country, who was the most powerful

A

King

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26
Q

What did the King do in AS times? (Name 5 things)

A

Created new laws, controlled money production, owned/granted land, could raise an army, decided taxes

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27
Q

What were the 4 AS earldoms?

A

Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex (and Kent)

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28
Q

What was the hierarchy of AS society

A

King, Earl, Thegn, Peasant, Slaves

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29
Q

In AS times, what was the main instrument of government?

A

Issue an order in writing (writ) - short document which gave orders and was sent around the country. The normans continued this system but offered far more writs

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30
Q

What was the feudal system mainly based on

A

Landholding

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31
Q

When did William I reign

A

1066-1087

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32
Q

When did William II reign

A

1087-1100

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33
Q

When did Henry I reign

A

1100-1135

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34
Q

Popes under William I

A

Pope Alexander until 1073 and Pope Gregory until 1085

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35
Q

Popes under William Rufus

A

Gregory VII (until 85)
Urban II (until 99)

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36
Q

Popes under Henry I

A

Urban

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37
Q

How many AS thegns were there

A

About 4000

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38
Q

By 1086, how many English thegns held land?

A

Only 4

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39
Q

How many Norman Barons/Bishops held land

A

200

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40
Q

Why were Barons often granted land confined to one county only?

A

This made it much harder for them to build a power base from which to challenge the King’s position

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41
Q

Which earls were the Marcher Lords

A

Earls of:
- Shrewsbury
- Chester
- Hereford

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42
Q

What was the role of the Marcher lords?

A

Tasked with preventing any raid by the Welsh. They had extra powers including: building castles and making laws, keeping their own armies (all this without the King’s permission)

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43
Q

At this time, was Wales a country?

A

No, it was 5 kingdoms each ruled by a warrior prince

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44
Q

What happened by 1096 in the Church

A

By 1096, all senior positions in the Church were held by Normans

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45
Q

What was the Oath of Fealty

A

Swore an oath of loyalty, promising to serve the lord and be faithful

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46
Q

What did the Barons/Bishops have to do (role in feudal system)

A

Pay for the land and and provide knights for the King

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47
Q

In 1086, what percentage of the population were slaves

A

10% in 1086

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48
Q

Number of slaves in norman times: increase or decrease? Why?

A

Decreased as they were expensive to keep and the Church disapproved

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49
Q

How much land did William directly own?

A

20%

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50
Q

How much land did the Church own (normans)

A

25%

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51
Q

What could a knight also be called

A

Lord of the Manor

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52
Q

What was the main reason for Viking raids

A

England was a wealthy country, partly because of its large amounts of arable land. England also had its own minting system and a central treasury (advanced economy)

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53
Q

Who were housecarls (AS)

A

Highly trained and well equipped professional soldiers

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54
Q

Apart from housecarls, who else made up the AS army

A

Fyrd (ordinary and untrained AS peasants)

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55
Q

AS hierarchy (9)

A

King, Witan (Lords), Earls (local land lords), bishops, housecarls (professional soldiers), fyrd (military service peasants), townspeople, peasants, slaves

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56
Q

Edward the Confessor ruling dates

A

1042-1066

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57
Q

When did Harold become “Sub-regulus”

A

1060

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58
Q

Harold’s brother Tostig was made Earl of which earldom?

A

Northumbria

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59
Q

norman traditions of inheritance (throne)

A

Promises around inheritance were seen as final, and couldn’t be changed at a later date.

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60
Q

AS traditions of inheritance (throne)

A

King’s dying words are seen as more important than any earlier promises. The only way an earlier promise could be seen as more important is if the promised claimant had been crowned and ruled alongside the current King

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61
Q

What date did Edward the Confessor die (specific)

A

5th january 1066

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62
Q

How did Harold manage to become King on 6th January 1066

A

He was at Edward’s bedside and claimed that he had named him as his successor

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63
Q

Who was the closest blood relative to Edward the Confessor?

A

Edgar Aethling (family exiled to Austria)

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64
Q

When was Edgar named as heir to the throne

A

1056 (before dying in suspicious circumstances in 1057)

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65
Q

Who was Harold Hadrada’s father?

A

Magnus, King of Norway

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66
Q

When and where did king Harold gather his army to wait for William?

A

May 1066
South Coast

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67
Q

Why was William unable to sail across the channel immediately

A

Bad winds

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68
Q

Where did Harold Hadrada invade England in 1066?

A

Yorkshire

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69
Q

While King Harold was in the North fighting the Norweigans, what happened?

A

The winds changed and William was able to cross the english channel

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70
Q

Where did william land

A

Pevensy

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71
Q

What date was the Battle of Fulford Gate?

A

20th September 1066

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72
Q

what date was the Battle of Stamford Bridge

A

25th September 1066

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73
Q

How many soldiers did each side have in the Battle of Fulford G

A

AS - 5000
V - 6000

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74
Q

What happened at Fulford Gate?

A

AS shieldwall was ineffective, V defended the high ground and broke through the wall, V were better equipped and had more men so they won.

75
Q

What happened to trigger the Battle of Fulford Gate?

A
  • Hadrada took Yorkshire
  • Northern Eastern Army destroyed
  • Godwinson forced north
76
Q

How many men did both sides have at Stamford Bridge?

A

10,000 each

77
Q

Who fought in Stamford Birdge

A

H Godwinson (AS)
Tostig and Hadrada (V)

78
Q

Why did the AS win at Stamford Bridge?

A

AS took V by surprise (V not in armour)
AS attacked in shieldwall
HH shot in throat and TG killed

79
Q

What was the impact of stamford bridge?

A

Vikings no longer a threat as they had faced heavy casualties. They had 300 ships, but only 24 were needed to take them home

80
Q

What were the 3 parts of the Norman army (BOH)

A

Infantry, cavalry, archers

81
Q

How many infantry, cavalry and archers did the Normans have? (BOH)

A

4000 Infantry
2000 Cavalry
1500 Archers

82
Q

What were the 3 parts of the AS army (BOH)

A

Housecarls, fyrd and poor militia men

83
Q

How many housecarls, fyrd and poor militia men did the AS have (BOH)

A

HC - 1300
Fyrd - 5500
PMM - 700

84
Q

Harold Godwinson at the start of the BOH (3 points)

A

Used his experience to occupy the high ground. But, he rushed into battle without gathering his full strength and placed himself in danger by fighting in the front rank

85
Q

William of Normandy (BOH) - 2 points

A

Used his experience to react to Harold’s deployment on top of Senlac Hill. Remained behind the fighting on horseback to control his army

86
Q

Problem with AS army (BOH) - 2 points

A
  • large proportion fyrd (untrained and poorly equipped)
  • left a large number of troops behind by rushing to the battle
87
Q

Which hill was BOH fought on

A

Senlac Hill

88
Q

Tactics of AS (BOH)

A

H hoped to surprise wiliam, planned to fight a defensive battle and wear down the normans while waiting for reinforcements

89
Q

Tactics of normans (BOH)

A

Attacked surrounding area to provoke H into marching, deployed army into 3 lines (1) archers 2) infantry 3) knights), archers softened up the shieldwall first, fake retreats to tempt the AS out of the shieldwall, archers firing straight up to hit the troops at the back of the shieldwall, final attack killed harold

90
Q

Reasons for AS defeat (BOH) - 5 things

A
  • death of harold
  • inability of H to fully control his army
  • saxons leaving shieldwall
  • lack of housecarls
  • poor training and equipment of fyrd
91
Q

Reasons for norman win (BOH)

A
  • death of H
  • william kept control at all times of his army
  • better equipped soldiers
92
Q

Impact of the Battle of Hastings (4 things)

A
  • King Harold is dead - throne is vacant
  • many housecarls and AS nobility killed
  • edgar aethling has support from the surviving lords
  • AS people do not support the Norman invasion
93
Q

After the BOH, where did William move to? Why?

A

He moved east into Kent in order to capture the key ports of the south coast (help him cut off AS trade and allow him to resupply his own army)

94
Q

Throughout October/November 1066, what did William do?

A

Used his army to attack the areas surrounding London. His troops destroyed villages, massacred ordinary people and stole food supplies. As a result, many important AS people abandoned Edgar and surrendered to William

95
Q

When was William I crowned?

A

25th December 1066

96
Q

What did William do in March 1067?

A

He returned to Normandy, leaving his half brother (Bishop Odo) and trusted advisor (William Fitz Osbern) in charge

97
Q

Rebellion in 1067 (Herefordshire)

A

Anglo-Saxon rebellion in Herefordshire, with the support of 2 Welsh Kings. William defeated this rebellion

98
Q

Rebellion in 1067 (Eustace of Boulogne)

A

Attempted capture of Dover Castle (by the French) as he had fallen out with William. Was easily defeated as his army was too small

99
Q

Rebellion in 1068 (Mercia)

A

Edwin and Morcar’s rebellion in Mercia - W took away their power. William defeated them and they had to swear allegiance. William proceeded to build castles across the area (e.g. Warwick)

100
Q

Rebellion in 1068 (Exeter)

A

Exeter refused to swear loyalty to William due to high taxes. He personally besieged the city and it surrendered after 18 days. William left his brother Robert in charge of the city after this

101
Q

Rebellion in Somerset 1068-9

A

Harold Godwinson’s sons invaded from Ireland twice but were unsuccessful due to not receiving local support.

102
Q

Rebellion in 1069 (North)

A

A rebellion began in the north led by Edgar Aethling and supported by invasions from Scotland and Denmark. After initial attempts to put down the rebellion were unsuccessful, W launched the “Harrying of the North”

103
Q

Rebellion in 1070 (East Anglia)

A

The Danish army that had invaded Yorkshire had been bribed to leave by William. They plundered the surrounding area until William offered them a peace deal. AS rebellions continued to attack Normans in East Anglia until they were besieged and defeated at Ely in 1071

104
Q

Rebellion in 1075 (Normans)

A

Norman earls (e.g. Earl of Hereford) rebelled against William. They were encouraged by the King of France who wanted to weaken Normandy. They were defeated by Bishop Odo. The earls were imprisoned

105
Q

How quickly could Norman motte and bailey castles be built?

A

Within 3 days

106
Q

What did the wooden palisade of the M+B castle do

A

Was a tall wooden wall that prevented people from entering. It made it easy for a small number of soldiers to defend the castle

107
Q

M+B castle: what did the bailey do?

A

Where the soldiers lived, and also contained storerooms and stables

108
Q

M+B castle: what did the keep do?

A

Final defence point - hardest to capture

109
Q

M+B castle: what did the motte do?

A

The mound of earth that the keep was built upon. It provided an extra element of defence and gave the men inside a better view of the surrounding area

110
Q

Why did Normans choose to convert their castles from wood to stone?

A
  • more difficult to attack
  • more permanent (to show power and wealth)
  • intimidating
  • made Normans seem powerful (hadn’t been done since Romans)
  • central location for Norman lords
111
Q

How many earls in AS england?

A

6

112
Q

How many theigns in AS england

A

4000

113
Q

Another word for freemen (AS times)

A

Ceorls - had to work on the thegns land for 2-3 days a week and pay tax. Also had their own land to work on

114
Q

3 types of AS peasants

A

Veilleins, cottars and bordars

115
Q

What percentage of AS society were peasants

A

70%

116
Q

Who was richer: villeins or bordars/cottars

A

Villeins (they had more land)

117
Q

What did the Act of Homage do

A

Swearing the Oath of Fealty before the lord (to show their allegiance)

118
Q

How did the Marcher Lords help to defend England from Welsh attacks?

A

Acted as a buffer zone between Wales and England. This would stop Wales raiding England.

119
Q

When did William Rufus try to invade Wales (2 times)

A

1095 and 1097 - temporarily took much of the area and extended Norman rule as far west as Pembrokeshire (where he built Pembroke Castle)

120
Q

When did William I try to invade Scotland? What was the outcome?

A

1072 - it was unsuccessful.

121
Q

AS traditions of inheritance (land)

A

Divided between sons

122
Q

Norman traditions of inheritance (land)

A

Primogeniture - eldest son received all property and land

123
Q

In 1066, what did William establish?

A

The Great Council (Curia Regis) to advise him

124
Q

What did William want (government-wise)

A

Centralised government

125
Q

What did William use to buy loyalty?

A

Patronage - gave his supporters land and positions of power

126
Q

How did William establish his power (coins and crown)

A

Coins showed the King wearing his crown to remind everyone of his divinity and power. He also had regular crown wearing ceremonies x3 a year

127
Q

How did Normans change AS “shires”

A

There was still 34 shires, but now known as counties.

128
Q

What is a “hide”

A

1 hide is the amount of land needed to support one free peasant family. There were 100 hides making up a “hundred” which shires were split into

129
Q

New jobs in norman england (3)

A

Chancery (administration), sheriffs (collected taxes), castellans (looked after royal castles and forests)

130
Q

3 problems with the AS legal system

A

Complex, inconsistent across the country, church courts could deal with civil cases

131
Q

3 types of court that were in both AS and Norman periods

A

King’s court, shire court and hundreds court

132
Q

Which type of court did the normans introduce

A

Honour court of the local lord

133
Q

Murdrum fine

A

Introduced to protect the Normans from hostile English. It said that if a Norman was killed and the killer not found within five days, everyone in the local area would be fined

134
Q

How did the legal system change under the Normans?

A

System of compensation declined, instead serious offences were usually punished by hanging or mutilation

135
Q

Wergild

A

“Man price” - the murderer would pay compensation to the victim’s family

136
Q

5 courts in the Norman legal system

A

King’s, shire, hundred, lord’s, manor

137
Q

King’s court dealt with..

A

Royal pleas and the most serious offences (murder/arson etc.)

138
Q

Shire courts did..

A

Not change much under the Normans, just met more regularly.

139
Q

Hundred courts under the Normans

A

Had already been established under AS. Held monthly with a bailiff (appointed by the sheriff). Dealt with minor disputes

140
Q

Lords court

A

Also known as honourial courts - introduced by the Normans. Dealt with small crimes and disputes for the lord to deal with and take advice from his tenants

141
Q

Manor courts

A

Most minor of courts dealing with day to day disputes. Controlled by the lord of the manor

142
Q

2 things that constables did

A
  • had the power to arrest people and break up fights
  • held the key to the stocks
143
Q

2 things that watchmen did

A
  • made sure people kept to the curfew
  • prevent crime and catch criminals (often didn’t take their job seriously)
144
Q

Hue and cry

A

System for catching criminals when an offence had occurred. Everyone had a duty to raise an alarm and catch the criminal. If this was ignored, a fine was given

145
Q

Tithing

A

10-12 freemen who promised to prevent each other from doing crime

146
Q

4 types of trial in the Norman period

A

Oaths, trial by battle, trial by ordeal (cold water/hot iron)

147
Q

4 types of punishment under the Normans

A

Pay compensation, wergild, hanging, physical mutilation

148
Q

What does “dom” mean (domesday book)

A

Judge

149
Q

When was the domesday book

A

Started: 1085
Finished: august 1086

150
Q

What was the domesday book

A

Survey of all the property and resources in england. Showed who owned what

151
Q

Why did william need the domesday book

A

To raise as much tax as possible (to pay for soldiers) and to see who owed him military service

152
Q

How many towns and villages were visited for the domesday book

A

13,418

153
Q

How was the information gathered? (domesday book)

A

Country divided into 7 circuits. Then 3/4 commissioners toured each circuit

154
Q

Main role of peasants in Norman england

A

Farming and looking after the land

155
Q

Compare peasant’s diet with Norman lords/officials

A

Peasants: stayed same from AS times - what they could grow. Rye bread, porridge, vegetable stew
Norman lords: more varied diet, “white” wheat bread, more meat, spices, less vegetables

156
Q

What percentage of norman england were peasant farmers

A

97%

157
Q

Compare peasant’s housing with norman lords/officials

A

Peasants: wooden frame and wattle and daub. One room. Fire in the middle. Earth floor covered in straw.
Normans: manor house, stone, visit castles and palaces (travelled throughout the year)

158
Q

Give 3 jobs of a norman peasant farmer

A

Planting, ploughing, weeding, harvesting, scaring birds, weaving, milling, digging

159
Q

Key changes to village life in Norman england (name 3)

A

1) ownership of land went from English lords to Norman barons
2) castles built to intimidate the local population
3) peasants were no longer allowed to hunt in the Royal Forest (harder for them to get food)

160
Q

Key features of a village in Norman england (4 things)

A
  • manor house rebuilt in stone
  • AS church rebuilt in stone
  • villeins’ houses had small strips of land (to keep poultry and grow their own food)
  • freemen lived in larger houses than other villagers
161
Q

Royal forests

A

By the late 12th century, royal forests covered nearly a 1/3 of england

162
Q

Forest Law

A

If the English hunted in Royal Forests, they risked severe penalties (e.g. being blinded). Crops were often damaged by the hunted animals and Normans chasing them, so the English didn’t like this

163
Q

By 1086, how much of the population lived in towns?

A

5%

164
Q

What did Norman towns trade

A

Fish, livestock, salt, cloth and wool

165
Q

Key features of a norman town (7 things)

A

Churches, market place, castle, narrow streets with open drains running down the middle, “high street” connected the town gates, craftsmen operated business from buildings on the high street, waste/pollution/fires/disease were common problems

166
Q

Changes made to Nottingham by the Normans (5 things)

A

New lord appointed (norman), castle built, new Norman church is built, new market is set up, town increased in size due to Norman settlers moving there

167
Q

Short term economic impact of the Norman conquest (5 things)

A

Taxes increased, land taken away from English, large areas of land were devastated (Harrying), spent money on castles and cathedrals, number of freemen declined (unable to afford rent and taxes)

168
Q

Long term economic impact of the Norman conquest

A
  • expanded English trade links to Europe
  • W brought with him a number of wealthy moneylenders (to allow loans for businesses)
  • increased level of security in England economically
169
Q

What do deans do

A

Rule the hundreds

170
Q

What does a bishop do

A

Rule cathedral cities/diocese

171
Q

What does an archdeacon do

A

Rule the shires

172
Q

What were the 6 stages of church hierarchy

A

Pope, archbishop, bishop, archdeacon, deans, parish priest/monk

173
Q

What is pluralism

A

A member of the clergy holding more than one position (e.g. Stigand of Canterbury)

174
Q

What is simony

A

Positions within the church were often sold to the highest bidder

175
Q

What is nepotism

A

Positions in the church were given to friends and relatives of those making the decision

176
Q

What went against the traditional vow of celibacy (supported by the Pope)

A

Many of the clergy were married

177
Q

By what year was there only 1 English bishop

A

1080

178
Q

What did the Normans do when rebuilding churches

A

Rebuilt in stone
Romanesque style (lots of round arches)

179
Q

What is a diocese

A

Collection of parishes under the leadership of a bishop

180
Q

Compare the number of diocese in AS times with Normans

A

AS - small number (meaning bishops could cover a large area)
N - larger number of diocese, new position of Archdeacon created, hierarchy became more centralised

181
Q

How did monks change after the Norman conquest

A

AS - monasteries usually independent/isolated
N - linked directly to Norman cathedrals

182
Q

What is a synod

A

A meeting that bishops had to hold 2x a year. This helped to improve their authority over the diocese

183
Q

How many bishops/cathedrals moved from smaller towns to larger towns (and give an example)

A

1/3 e.g Crediton to Exeter

184
Q

When were church courts established

A

1076

GCSE History (4 decks)

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