normal values Flashcards
Sp02
94-98%
Resp rate
12-16 a min
pH- ABG
7.35-7.45
pC02 (kPA) - ABG
4.7-6.0
p02 - ABGs
10.7- 13.3
HC03
22-26
BE
-2 to +2
heart rate
60-100 bpm
Blood pressure
120/80
systolic
95-140
diastolic
60-90
urine output (ml per kg/hour)
0.5- 1
ear temp (centigrade)
35.7- 38 degrees centigrade
capillary refill
less than 2 seconds
PH low
acidotic
PH high
alkalotic
Co2 low
respiratory alkaloisis
hypocapnia- hyperventilation
Co2 high
respiratory acidosis
hypercapnia - hypoventilation
HC03 & BE low
metabolic acidosis
HC03 & BE high
metabolic alkalosis
type 1 resp failiure
Pa02- lower than 8
type 1 resp impairment
Pa02- 8-10.7
type 2 resp failiure
- pH- acidotic lower than 7.35
- PaC02 higher than 6
Pa02- lower than 10.7
type 2 failiure cause
- low oxygen (hypoxemia) and high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) levels in the blood.
- The primary problem is alveolar hypoventilation, where the body is unable to adequately clear CO₂ from the blood
- COPD - emphysema and chronic bronchitis can cause airflow obstruction, leading to CO₂ retention and difficulty in exhaling enough air.
- fatigue
- kyphoscoliosis- structural problems with the chest can limit lung expansion and cause CO₂ retention.
- drigs- opiates - centeral respiratory depression impairs ventilation leading to C02 retention
- nueromuscular disorders- Conditions such as muscular dystrophy or Guillain-Barré syndrome can weaken the muscles required for breathing, resulting in inadequate ventilation.
type 1 respiratory failure causes
- low levels of oxygen (hypoxaemia) in the blood, with a normal carbon dioxide level (PaCO₂).
- It usually occurs due to ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch – the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lung tissue.
Reduced ventilation and normal perfusion
* pneumonia- Infection in the lungs that leads to inflammation and impaired gas exchange
* pulmonary odema- Fluid in the lungs, often due to heart failure, that impairs oxygenation
Reduced perfusion with normal ventilation
* pulmonary embolus- A blood clot that blocks a pulmonary artery, preventing proper oxygen exchange
- pneumothorax
- acute asthma- A severe asthma attack that significantly reduces the lung’s ability to oxygenate blood, often with normal or low CO₂ levels.
- acute respiratory distress syndrome- A condition characterized by widespread inflammation and fluid accumulation in the lungs, reducing oxygen absorption
- Atelectasis – Collapse of lung tissue, which can obstruct oxygenation.
- fibrosis- Interstitial lung diseases – Conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis that cause scarring of lung tissue, reducing its ability to absorb oxygen.
- COPD
- COVID
