Normal tissue development- Embryogenesis

Question 1

what is cell differentiation?

Answer 1

cells acquireing a specific fate during development

Question 2

what is cell differentiation?

Answer 2

cells acquireing a specific fate during development

Question 3

Types of stem cells?

Answer 3

• toti potent
• pluri potent
• maltipotent

Question 4

kenmerken stem cells?

Answer 4

undifferentiated
no specific cell fate

Question 5

features differentiated cells?

Answer 5

• specialized for specific function
• Owns specific cell fate

Question 6

What is a zygote?

Answer 6

fully undifferentiated cell

Question 7

What is embryogenesis?

Answer 7

process of development of an embryo, from fertilization of egg to a mature organism.
serie of complex cell divisions and differentiation that lead to formation of all the organ sand tissues in the body

Question 8

phases of Embryogeniuses?

Answer 8

fertilization → cleavage → Gastrulation → organogenesis

Question 9

types of cleavage?

Answer 9

• hol oblastic → entire division
• Meroblastic → part division

Question 10

what is a Morula?

Answer 10

8- 32 cell stage → External lager of cells with a gap filled with fluid
External cells = extern eblasts
inner cells= inner cell mass
trophe blast or trophoderm

Question 11

purpose mitosis?

Answer 11

asexual reproduction, cell growth and tissue repair

Question 12

purpose Meiosis?

Answer 12

sexual reproduction

Question 13

Stages mitosis?

Answer 13

prophase → Metaphase → anaphase and Telophase

Question 14

what happens during and after fertilization?

Answer 14

2 polar bodies formed on outside of the oocyte
calcium trigger 2 mechanisms:
- Reignites cells cycles
- to avoid other sperm cell to enter the oocyte

Question 15

What is Symmetry breakage?

Answer 15

entry of sperm determines axis of asymmetry, determines head or tail side.
anterial cell is bigger ( Aba and Abp cells) posteri or Cell smaller (EMS)

Question 16

composition of a Blast ocy te?

Answer 16

inner cell mass and Trophoblast

Question 17

Tropheblasts become?

Answer 17

placenta

Question 18

Inner cell mass become?

Answer 18

potential to become any cell of the organism
pluripotent stem cell

Question 19

what does the Hippo pathway regulate?

Answer 19

ICM or Trophoblast cell fate

Question 20

Hippo pathway off ?

Answer 20

• low Cell density
• yap TF active in nucleus
• Target genes onn
• Target genes inhibit ICM cell fate (OCT 4 Not expressed )
• Blastomere = Trophoblast

Question 21

Hippo pathway on?

Answer 21

• high cell density
• Yap TF inactive in cytoplasm
• Target genes don’t inhibit ICM → OCT4 expressed
• Blastomere = ICM

Question 22

what does the Oct 4 regulat

Answer 22

ICM cell fate

Question 23

what does Yap TF?

Answer 23

regulate target gene in nucleus

Question 24

Hippo pathway in cancer?

Answer 24

activated when not supposed to can increase Carcinogenesis

Question 25

What happens with the implantation of the blastocys?

Answer 25

burrows/ fuses in uterine endometriose and forms new cells gastrolation only animals can do this

Question 26

what happens during gastrolation

Answer 26

New position given to cells within the blastula. 3 new layers are formed, Ectoderm, Mesoderm and endoderm

Question 27

limitations in Gast relation of human embryo's?

Answer 27

- Ethical issue - no official studies after 14 days - specie - specific issue chicken is Similar

Question 28

What is the primitive streak?

Answer 28

early embryonic structure during gastrelation, process of forming the 3 germ layers linear groove that forms on the dorsal surface, marks the site Where cells start to migrate and different iate into the 3 germ layers. starting point for embryonic axis formation and a lley factor in the establishment of polarity and bilateral symmetry

Question 29

What is the Epithelial - to - Mesenchymal transition ( EMT)

Answer 29

process where epithelial cells lose their cell-cell adhesion and polarity and acquire Mesenchymal phenotype increased mobility and abilit yto invade Surrounding tissues. EMT is a key event in the formation of mesoderm from ectoderm and endederm germ layers

Question 30

Ectoderm turns into ?

Answer 30

Neurelation → NerVous system development

Question 31

what is Neurolation?

Answer 31

formation of Neural plate and Neural crest