3: Introduction to Carcinogenesis Flashcards
most comman cancer sites?
female breast
colorectal
long
prostate
most deathly cancers?
lung
colorectal
Breast
pancreatic
What is leukemia?
cancer from white blood cells
What is lymphoma?
cancer from lymph node
what is a Carcinoma?
cancer from connective tissue or muscle cells
What is Invasiveness?
ability to breake loose, enter blood stream or lymphatic vessels.
form secondary tumors → metastases in other sites in the body
what cases metastasis?
malignant tumors
what is needed for a cell to turn cancerous?
- mutations (6-8)
- gene deletion, amplification or rearangements
- epigenetic changes
- viral integration
what are the 6 changes needed to cause cancer?
- sustaining proliferation
- Evading growth Suppressors
- activating invasion and metastasis
- enabling replicatieve immortality
- inducting angiogenesis
- Resisting cell death
What does it mean : sustaining proliferation
cell is able to grow and divide without outside stimulus
Ras and myc are important in proliferation Signaling
What does it Mean : Evading growth Suppressors
proteins ( P53, P21, E2f, PRb ) that control the speed and lower proliferation signal
What does it Mean : activating invasion and metastasis
- cells can communicate with Extra cellular environ ment for mobility and adhesion
- shift From benign to malignant
- ( not very Well understood)
- More ALCAM More malignant
What does it Mean : enabling replicatieve immortality
Cancer cell keeps activating telomerases that increase chromosomes Complication with the cancer mutations
What does it Mean : inducting angiogenesis
- Tumors produce blood vessels that give food to survive
- cells inside are dying from necrosis because of lache of food
What does it Mean : Resisting cell Death
cells that can evade growth repressors can also evade death
cellular causes for cancer development?
~ oncogenes
- Tumor suppressor proteins
what are oncogenes?
Mutated overactive forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow
function Tumor supresser proteins?
- anti - proliferati ve function
- loss can lead to cancer
- mutation in 1 allel is deenough to disturb cellular balance
4 emerging hallmarks?
- Deregulating cellular energetics
- Avoiding Immune destruction
- genome instability and mutation
- Tumor promoting inflammation
what does it mean: Deregulating cellular energetics
- warburg effect
proliferatie tissue & tumors → glycolysis results in 10% Building blocks,85% lactate instead of main oxidative phosphorylation - Tumor cells produce mor lactate → building block for protein production
- Treatment possible
what does it mean: Avoiding Immune destruction
- loss of antigens
- MHC-1 deficiency
start to produce Immunosoppressive proteins
what does it mean: genome instability and mutation
Increase rate of mutation
- breakdown genomic maintenance machinery
- compromising Surveillance systems
what does it mean: Tumor promoting inflammation
Enabling characteristic,tumour promoting inflammation through immune System to battle cancer.
Inflammation provide bioactive molecules for growth, angiogenesis survival, tumor microenvironment
