3: Introduction to Carcinogenesis

Question 1

most comman cancer sites?

Answer 1

female breast
colorectal
long
prostate

Question 2

most deathly cancers?

Answer 2

lung
colorectal
Breast
pancreatic

Question 3

What is leukemia?

Answer 3

cancer from white blood cells

Question 4

What is lymphoma?

Answer 4

cancer from lymph node

Question 5

what is a Carcinoma?

Answer 5

cancer from connective tissue or muscle cells

Question 6

What is Invasiveness?

Answer 6

ability to breake loose, enter blood stream or lymphatic vessels.
form secondary tumors → metastases in other sites in the body

Question 7

what cases metastasis?

Answer 7

malignant tumors

Question 8

what is needed for a cell to turn cancerous?

Answer 8

• mutations (6-8)
• gene deletion, amplification or rearangements
• epigenetic changes
• viral integration

Question 9

what are the 6 changes needed to cause cancer?

Answer 9

1. sustaining proliferation
2. Evading growth Suppressors
3. activating invasion and metastasis
4. enabling replicatieve immortality
5. inducting angiogenesis
6. Resisting cell death

Question 10

What does it mean : sustaining proliferation

Answer 10

cell is able to grow and divide without outside stimulus
Ras and myc are important in proliferation Signaling

Question 11

What does it Mean : Evading growth Suppressors

Answer 11

proteins ( P53, P21, E2f, PRb ) that control the speed and lower proliferation signal

Question 12

What does it Mean : activating invasion and metastasis

Answer 12

• cells can communicate with Extra cellular environ ment for mobility and adhesion
• shift From benign to malignant
• ( not very Well understood)
• More ALCAM More malignant

Question 13

What does it Mean : enabling replicatieve immortality

Answer 13

Cancer cell keeps activating telomerases that increase chromosomes Complication with the cancer mutations

Question 14

What does it Mean : inducting angiogenesis

Answer 14

• Tumors produce blood vessels that give food to survive
• cells inside are dying from necrosis because of lache of food

Question 15

What does it Mean : Resisting cell Death

Answer 15

cells that can evade growth repressors can also evade death

Question 16

cellular causes for cancer development?

Answer 16

~ oncogenes
- Tumor suppressor proteins

Question 17

what are oncogenes?

Answer 17

Mutated overactive forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow

Question 18

function Tumor supresser proteins?

Answer 18

• anti - proliferati ve function
• loss can lead to cancer
• mutation in 1 allel is deenough to disturb cellular balance

Question 19

4 emerging hallmarks?

Answer 19

1. Deregulating cellular energetics
2. Avoiding Immune destruction
3. genome instability and mutation
4. Tumor promoting inflammation

Question 20

what does it mean: Deregulating cellular energetics

Answer 20

• warburg effect
  proliferatie tissue & tumors → glycolysis results in 10% Building blocks,85% lactate instead of main oxidative phosphorylation
• Tumor cells produce mor lactate → building block for protein production
• Treatment possible

Question 21

what does it mean: Avoiding Immune destruction

Answer 21

• loss of antigens
• MHC-1 deficiency
  start to produce Immunosoppressive proteins

Question 22

what does it mean: genome instability and mutation

Answer 22

Increase rate of mutation
- breakdown genomic maintenance machinery
- compromising Surveillance systems

Question 23

what does it mean: Tumor promoting inflammation

Answer 23

Enabling characteristic,tumour promoting inflammation through immune System to battle cancer.
Inflammation provide bioactive molecules for growth, angiogenesis survival, tumor microenvironment