Normal Reference Value

Question 1

Body temperature:

Normal
Fever
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia

Answer 1

Normal 37°C (98.6°F)
Fever 38°C (100.4°F)
Hyperthermia >40°(104°F)
Hypothermia <35° (95°F)

Question 2

Pulse rate

Regular Beats
Irregular Beats

Weak pulse
Strong (bounding) pulse

Answer 2

Regular Beats - evenly sequence
Irregular Beats - indicates arrhythmia

Weak pulse - indicates heart disease, hypovolemia
Strong (bounding) pulse - increase cardiac output associated with anxiety, pain, hyperthyroidism

Question 3

Respiration rate

Normal
Tachypnea
Bradypnea

Abnormal breathing patterns
Kussmaul’s respiration
Apnea
Cheyne

Answer 3

Normal 12-20 breaths/min
Tachypnea >20 breaths/min
Bradypnea <12 breaths/min (caused by narcotic drugs, increased CO2 levels in the blood

Abnormal breathing patterns:
Kussmaul’s respiration - fast and deep breathing; associated with metabolic acidosis
Apnea - no breathing; associated with sleep apnea
Cheyne - strokes breathing - periods of apnea alternate with cycles of deafening and shallowing breathing

Question 4

Blood pressure

Normal
Hypotension
Prehypertension
Stage 1 hypertension
Stage 2 hypertension

Answer 4

Normal 120/80
Hypotension >90/60
Prehypertension 120-129 mmH
Stage 1 hypertension 140-159 mmHg
Stage 2 hypertension >/= 160/100 mmHg

Question 5

Heart Rate

Normal
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
Irregular heart rate

Answer 5

Normal approx. 60-100bpm
Bradycardia <60 bpm
Tachycardia >100 bpm
Irregular heart rate: indicates cardiac dysrhythmias

Question 6

Oxygen

Arterial blood gas
Venice blood gas
Hypoxemia
High blood oxygen level

Answer 6

Arterial blood gas 96-100%
Venice blood gas 60-85%
Hypoxemia below normal considering 95% of arterial blood gas, caused by chronic bronchitis, asthma, anemia
High blood oxygen level associated with people that use supplemental oxygen