Normal Radiographic Anatomy Flashcards
name intra-oral radiographs
- bitewings
- periapicals
- occlusal
name extra-oral radiographs
- panoramic (DPT)
- cephalometric
- cone bone computed tomography (CBCT)
what should you be able to see in bitewing radiographs?
- enamel
- dentine
- pulp chamber and canal
- alveolar bone
- periodontal ligament space (radiolucent line)
- lamina dura (radiopaque line)
see 3/4 teeth on the upper and lower jaws
may not shown the apex
what does “periapical” mean
peri = around apical = the apex / tip of the tooth
what should you be able to see in a periapical radiograph?
- follicular space
- alveolar crest
- inferior alveolar (dental) canal (obviously only on the lower jaw) [appears radiolucent]
- submandibular fossa [also only on the lower jaw]
shows the full length of at least one tooth and surrounding anatomical features
what is the alveolar crest
laminar dura where 2 teeth sockets are joined together with bone going over the crest
anatomy and pathology
theres a diagram labelled A-I with features labelled maybe look this up to make sure you know where / what everything is ?
what are normal radiolucent features
• Air shadows and soft tissues ○ Soft tissue adjacent to hard tissue will be relatively radiolucent • Oral cavity • Nasal cavity, orbits • Maxillary sinuses ○ And other sinuses on facial views or CBCT • Pharynx and larynx • Inferior alveolar canal, foraminae • Trabecular spaces • Pterygomaxillary fissure
what are normal radiopaque features
• Hard tissues ○ Bones § Ridges § Canals that go through bone § Septa - Thin projection of bone § Bones often have variations - due to muscle attachments which need something to be attached to (the reason we have ridges / roughness on bones) ○ Teeth
• Soft tissues adjacent to air ○ Tongue, soft palate § Most important ○ Nasal tissues ○ Lips ○ Ear lobes
what are anatomical features to look for in radiographs? [hard tissues]
○ Hard (bony) palate ○ Nasal septum ○ Nasal conchae ○ Zygomatic buttress (process) ○ Zygomatic arch ○ Vertebrae ○ Hyoid ○ Styloid process
what are anatomical features to look for in radiographs? [soft tissues]
○ Tongue ○ Lips ○ Soft palate ○ Nasal soft tissues § Philtrum § Alae ○ Ear lobe ○ Epiglottis ○ Posterior pharyngeal wall
what are anatomical features to look for in radiographs? [air cavities]
○ Maxillary sinus ○ Nasal cavity ○ Pharynx § Naso § Oro ○ Laryngo
what are anatomical features to look for in radiographs? [canals and foramina]
○ Inferior alveolar (ID) canal ○ Mental foramen ○ External auditory meatus § Important ○ Pterygo-maxillary fissure
what can be seen above the apices of upper anterior teeth in panoramic radiographs?
hard palate
what can you expect to see close to the apices of the upper molar teeth in panoramic radiographs?
the floor of the maxillary sinus
why can we sometimes see 2 lines showing the hard palate in panoramic radiographs?
x-ray beam goes up slightly at an angle of 8 degrees
and
curve of monson
what should the patient do with the tongue during exposure
put it to the roof of their mouth and not move it
what radiographs show the different margins of the maxillary sinus
• Floor
○ Panoramic (OM, lateral ceph.)
• Roof
○ Panoramic (OM, lateral ceph.)
• Medial wall
○ Panoramic (OM, SMV)
• Posterior wall
○ Panoramic (lateral ceph.)
• Lateral wall
○ (OM, SMV)
○ Panoramic never sees this
• Anterior wall
○ Panoramic (lateral cep., CT, MRI)
• All margins seen on CBCT
what does OM stand for
occipitomental
what does SMV stand for
submentovertex
what is “lateral ceph.”
lateral cephalometric radiograph
what does MRI stand for
magnetic resonance imaging
why can the earlobe absorb more x-ray than soft tissues
has cartilage
what can be seen in upper occlusal anatomy?
• Nasal structures
○ Septum
○ Conchae / turbinate bones
○ Cavity
- Incisive canal and fossa
- Maxillary sinus
• ? Zygomas (malar bones)
○ If long axis receptor laterally
• Nasolacrimal ducts
[Only really seen in small children as it goes so far back to be seen]
