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Obstetrics > Normal Pregnancy & Multifetal Gestation > Flashcards

Normal Pregnancy & Multifetal Gestation Flashcards

1
Q

In a multifetal pregnancy’s, if the mother has hyperemesis (severe vomiting) what can this cause to the fetuses?

A

Respiratory distress syndrome

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2
Q

In a multifetal pregnancy’s, if the mother has gestational diabetes it can cause the fetuses to have what condtion?

A

Cerebral palsy

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3
Q

This term relates to ways eggs are fertilized, number of amniotic sacs, and number of placentas?

A

Chorionicity

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4
Q

Definition of dizygotic embryos?

A

two separate embryos from two separate eggs that have their own amniotic sac and their own placenta

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5
Q

What are monozygotic embryos?

A

identical twins
from one egg and sperm that split into two
usually have their own amniotic sac but share a placenta

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6
Q

What sign will you see on ultrasound indicating monozygotic twins share a placenta?

A

Twin Peaks sign

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7
Q

If a multi fetal pregnancy is Monochorionic and monoamniotic what does this mean (technically) and what is the worst complication in these pregnancies?

A
  • means the fetuses share a placenta and a sac
  • can have a complication of umbilical cord torsion cutting off supply to both fetuses’
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8
Q

What is the technical term for when multifetuses share a placenta only (_________ Pregnancy)?

A

Monochorionic pregnancy

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9
Q

Nausea and vomiting usually begin ____-____ months after conception and last ___-___ weeks?

A

1-2 months
last 4-8 weeks

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10
Q

What is the medication used to treat morning sickness?

A

vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) & doxylamine

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11
Q

What combination of drugs is pyridoxine & doxylamine

A

A vitamin and an antihistamine

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12
Q

What is the cause for N/V in pregnancy?

A

increased progesterone and hCG

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13
Q

Why do hCG and progesterone cause N/V in pregnancy?

A

These hormones alter gastric emptying and smooth muscle contractions leading to reflux and N/V - also cause constipation

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14
Q

What is the caloric intake range for pregnant people?

A

2200-2500

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15
Q

How much protein do pregnant people need?

A

60g/day

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16
Q

What is the ideal BMI range for a pregnant person?

A

BMI of 20-24.9

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17
Q

What is the amount of weight gain expected in a pregnancy?

A

25-35 pounds

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18
Q

When does most weight gain happen in a pregnancy?

A

2nd and 3rd trimester

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19
Q

What is the recommended amount of Calcium and iron needed daily in pregnancy?

A

Ca: 1000 mg
Iron: 27mg

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20
Q

What does the foramen ovale do in a fetus and what does it become when the fetus is born?

A
  1. It is the open flap that allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left atrium
  2. It becomes the fossa ovale
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21
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do in a fetus inside the womb?

A

allows blood to flow from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta to keep it out of the lungs (because blood would damage the capillaries)

22
Q

What does the ductus venosus do in a fetus in utero?

A

It allows oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver and go tot the right atria

23
Q

What happens to the ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus after the fetus is birthed?

A

The close via sphincter muscles and become random ligaments

24
Q

The placenta is fully developed by the end of what trimester?

A

1st

25
Q

What do the umbilical veins do (think hard on this one)?

A

Carry oxygenated blood FROM the placenta TO the fetus

26
Q

What is the role of the umbilical arteries?

A

Carry blood FROM the fetus - TO the placenta

27
Q

Fetal blood has a 50% higher __________ concertation compared to adults?

A

Hemoglobin

28
Q

Fetal blood can bind and carry ____-____% more O2 than adult blood?

A

20-30%

29
Q

The hCG hormone is detectable in the urine how many days after feralization?

A

12-15 days

30
Q

The hCG hormone is detectable in the blood how many days after feralization?

A

6-8 days

31
Q

Most rapid pregnancy test detect hCG in levels as low as _____-_____?

A

25-30

32
Q

If the hCG doesn’t double every 1-2 days the pregnancy is likely ______?

A

abnormal

33
Q

Very high hCG levels in a pregnancy indicate what?

A

Molar pregnancy or gestational trophoblastic disease (rare tumors that grow in utero)

34
Q

What is gestational trophoblastic disease

A

Trophoblast (placenta like cells) grow abnormally into faux placenta; this causes the pregnancy to not be viable and does not grow a fetus or baby

35
Q

Body water increase is the most significant pregnancy’s change and increases by ___-____Liters of water?

A

6.5-8.5L

36
Q

What can the excess body water in pregnancy’s cause in the pregnant person?

A

Dilution anemia

37
Q

What hormone impacts the physiology of the cardiovascular system in pregnancy, and what are the 2 main effects?

A

Estrogen
1. 40% increase in cardiac output (which is SV x HR)
2. Drop in blood pressure

38
Q

Increased intervascular pressure in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters can cause what two outward signs in pregnant pt?

A
  1. Varicose veins
  2. Hemorrhoids
39
Q

What 3 physiological changes are seen in the lungs in pregnancy?

A
  • Low PaCO2
  • Low blood gas
  • Respiratory alkalosis
40
Q

What kidney issue is common in pregnancy due to the dilation of ureters, and what side is it most common on?

A

Hydronephrosis (swollen kidneys due to urine build up)
Right side

41
Q

What happens to BUN and creatinine in pregnancy?

A

They are reduced

42
Q

What happens to the GFR in pregnancy?

A

Increased

43
Q

What hormone causes insulin resistance in pregnancy?

A

Human Placental Lactogen hormone

44
Q

An increase in free fatty acids usually happens when?

A

2nd and 3rd trimester

45
Q

A rise in WBC during pregnancy is normal. What is the range at which this increase can happen?

A

5,000-12,000 increase from NL levels

46
Q

What state are pregnant people in that put them at risk for a bunch of issues?

A

Hypercoagulable state (clot easily-coincidentally this is great for avoiding hemorrhage during birth, but bad for literally every other day of the week)

47
Q

What is Cholasma, n anatomical pregnancy change?

A

Darken skin patches of the face, called the “Mask of pregnancy”

48
Q

What is Linea Nigra and what causes it?

A

Its the dark line pregnant people get from their belly button to their lower pelvic region, caused by estrogen (BC can cause this in non-pregnant PT)

49
Q

What is Chadwick’s sign?

A

Blue tinge of cervix and vagina

50
Q

What is Goodell’s sign?

A

Softening of cervix

51
Q

What are the three ANATOMICAL cardiovascular changes in pregnancy?

A
  1. PMI displaced
  2. systolic flow murmur
  3. Venous hum: sounds like bruit and is due to increase flow to breasts
52
Q

What is Leukorrhea?

A

An increased amount of milky white discharge that’s totally normal

Obstetrics (13 decks)

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