Normal Operations Flashcards
When taking off in a light twin, what airspeed should you rotate at?
use the manufacturer’s recommended rotation speed (Vr) or lift-off speed (Vlof)
What if no rotation or lift off speed is published? Which speed do you rotate at?
If no such speeds are published, use a minimum of minimum control speed (Vmc) plus 5 knots for Vr
As a rule, light twins should not be airborne before reaching ____
Vmc
After lift-off, the next consideration is to _____
gain altitude as rapidly as practicable
What is the best rate of climb speed when both engines are operating?
Vy, your goal is to achieve the greatest amount of distance away from the ground before achieving anything else.
If while in pursuit of Vy you pitch higher than ___ degrees, what should you do instead?
15, consider limiting the initial pitch attitude to 15 degrees to minimize control difficulty if an engine is lost.
Landing gear retraction should occur ____
after a positive rate of climb is established, but not before reaching a point from which a safe landing can no longer be made on the runway or overrun remaining
Maintain Vy until ___
A safe single engine maneuvering altitude, typically at least 400 ft AGL.
In straight and level flight where is the thrust line compared to when in slow flight and high pitch angles of attack?
In straight in level flight the thrust line is where the spinner is located, the slower the speed and higher the angle of attack the further right the thrust line will move (P-Factor)
What do the descending blades do compared to the ascending blades in a low airspeed/high angle of attack setting?
The descending blades take a bigger bite of air do to the relative wind and the propeller blade creating a higher angle of attack resulting in more thrust being generated.
Loss of power on one engine creates both control and performance problems. Control problems include the need to counteract the following:
Yaw. Loss of power on one engine creates yaw due to asymmetrical thrust.
Roll. Loss of power on one engine eliminates propeller blast over the wing. This elimination affects the lift distribution over the wing, causing a roll toward the inoperative engine.
What are the left turning tendencies associated with multi engines?
P-Factor
Accelerated Slip Stream
Spiraling Slip Stream
Torque
Explain accelerated slipstream.
Propwash being generated by the thrust from p-factor.
Conditions that affect VMC and Performance
P- Power increase, VMC+, Performance+
T- Temperature increase, VMC-, Performance -
P- Pressure increase, VMC-, Performance -
D- Density Altitude increase, VMC-, Performance -
B- Bank 0 - VMC+, Performance -
Z- Zero side slip - VMC -, Performance+
B- Bank 5 - VMC-, Performance -
W- Windmilling - VMC+, Performance -
F- Feathering - VMC-, Performance +
A- AFT CG- VMC+, Performance +
H- Heavier Weight - VMC-, Performance -
F- Flaps - VMC-, Performance -
G- Gear Down - VMC+, Performance -
C- Critical Engine - VMC+, Performance -
G- Ground Effect - VMC-, Performance +
When is Vxse used?
Used only to clear obstructions during OEI initial climb out because it gives the greatest altitude gain per unit of horizontal travel. It should be noted that Vxse is invariably a slower speed than Vyse and may just be a few knots above Vmc.
