Normal Nutrition Flashcards
The RDA is supposed to cover what percent of the population?
97-98%
What is the DRI?
quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes
What does the DRI include?
RDA
AI
EAR
UL
What is used when RDA cannot be determined?
Adequate intake
This is used to meet half of the healthy individuals in a life stage and gender group.
Estimated average requirements
What is the highest level daily nutrient intake that is safe?
Tolerable upper limit
When are women most at risk for iron deficiency?
pregnancy
who is at the highest risk for calcium deficiency?
51 plus
1 mg of niacin is equal to how much tryptophan?
60 mg tryptophan
Explain the levels in hypothyroidism
low T3, low T4, and high TSH
Where does glycolysis occur?
the cytoplasm
how much ATP does glycolysis yield?
yields 4, net gain of 2
If oxygen is present, pyruvate goes where?
TCA cycle
If oxygen is not present, pyruvate goes where?
it is converted into lactic acid and goes into the cori cycle
amino acids used to make pyruvate ______ make glucose
can
amino acids used to make acetyl CoA _____ make glucose
cannot
What macronutrient are enzymes and what do they do in energy metabolism?
proteins, control reactions
What micronutrient are coenzymes and what do they do in energy metabolism?
vitamins, enzyme activators
what micronutrient are cofactors and what do they in energy metabolism?
minerals, assist enzymes
What are chemical messengers that trigger enzymes in energy metabolism?
hormones
What do niacin and riboflavin do in energy metabolism?
H+ carries
What is the relationship of riboflavin and niacin?
deficiency in one will affect other
What is the function of flavo-mononucleotide?
function in deanimation and transamination of amino acids
What is the function of TPP?
02 carrier
What is the function of PLP?
amino acid metabolism
metabolically active coenzyme form of vitamin B6.
PLP
What does thiamin play an important role in?
CHO metabolism and neural function
What is biotin’s role in energy metabolism?
carboxyl carrier
involved in the deanimation process
Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to form….
pyruvic acid
glucogenesis is formation of glucose from
1
2
3
fructose, galactose or glycogen
Gluconeogenesis is making glucose from _______or _______
protein or fat
Anabolism is ender or exergonic?
endergonic, requires energy
catabolism is ender or exergonic?
exergonic, releases energy
What the three monosaccharides?
glucose
fructose
galactose
What are the three disaccharides?
sucrose, lactose, and maltose
What is sucrose made of?
glucose + fructose
What is lactose made of?
glucose + galactose
what is maltose made of?
glucose + glucose
Name the essential Amino Acids
PVT phenylalanine, valine, Threonine TIM Trytophan, isoleucine, methionine HALL histidine, arginine, leucince, lysine
what are the conditionally essential amino acids?
cysteine and tyrosine
what is a simple lipid?
triglycerides
what are compound lipids?
phospholipids, lecithins, and sterols
What does HDL do?
transports excessive cholesterol to the liver where metabolized to bile acids and excreted
What does LDL do?
carrier of cholesterol from liver to tissues, keeps cholesterol in circulation
What does VLDL do?
transports triglycerides from liver to adipose tissue and muscles
What are the two fatty acids that are essential?
linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3- tend to be low in)
Name the eight B vitamins
- thiamin
- riboflavin
- niacin
- pantothentic acid
- biotin
- folic acid
- B-12
- b-6 (pyridoxine)
What is the function of vitamin A?
- preservers integrity of epithelial cells
- formation of rhodopsin for vision in dim light
- needed for wound healing and growith
What are the four symptoms of deficiency of vitamin A?
- gradual loss or dim vision
- dry eyes
- papillary hyperkeratosis of skin
- corneal softening and liquefaction
What are the 12 symptoms of vitamin A toxicity?
- fatigue
- night sweats
- vertigo
- headache
- dry fissured skin and/or lips
- hyperpigmentation
- retarded growth
- bone pain
- abdominal pain
- vomiting
- jaundice
- hyercalcemia
What are the five major food sources of vitamin A?
- liver
- egg yolk
- milk
- butter
- dark green and deep yellow veggies
Who is the most vulnerable to vitamin A toxicity?
children
What are the two functions of vitamin D?
- formation of normal bone and bone maintenance
- promotes absorption of calcium and phosphorus
what are the four symptoms of deficiency of vitamin D?
- rickets in infants and children
- osteomalacia in adults
- bone pain
- muscle weakness
What are the 3 symptoms of toxicity of vitamin D in children?
- high blood calcium
- anorexia
- growth retardation
What are the six symptoms of toxicity of vitamin D in adults?
- sudden anorexia
- N/V
- polydipsia
- polyuria
- kidney damage
- calcification of soft tissue
What are the five major food sources of vitamin D?
- egg yolks
- liver
- fatty fish
- butter
- fortified milk
What is the two functions of vitamin E?
- antioxidant
- coenzyme
What are symptoms of deficiency of vitamin E?
- increased red blood cell hemolysis
- muscle weakness
- neurologic dysfunction
- loss of tendon reflexes
what are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?
interferes with vitamin K activity leading to prolonged clotting and bleeding time
What are the 11 food sources of vitamin E?
- vegetable oils
- beef liver
- milk
- eggs
- leafy vegetables
- fortified cereals
- seeds
- almonds
- pistachios
- sunflower seeds
- cottonseed oil
What are functions of vitamin K?
- catalyzes prothrombin synthesis
- required in the synthesis of other blood clotting factors
What is the deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?
prolonged bleeding and prothrombin time
What are the 2 toxicity symptoms of vitamin K?
- hemolytic anemia
- kernicterus in infants
What are food sources of vitamin K?
- vegetable oil
- green leafy vegetables
- liver
What the functions of vitamin C?
- synthesis of collagen
- synthesis of corticosteroids and 17-hydroxycorticosterone
- enhances iron absorption from the GI tract
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?
- scurvy-diffuse tissue bleeding
- easy bone fracture
- joint bleeds
- poor wound healing
- bleeding gums will loose teeth
What is the function of thiamin?
- combines with phosphorus to form TPP in order to metabolize protein, CHO, and fat
- may have a specific role in neurophysiology
What are the deficiency symptoms or thiamin?
- wet beri-beri: high output CHF, cardiomyopathy, tachycardia, peripheral edema
- dry beri-beri: weakness, peripheral neuropathy, loss of tendon reflexes
What are the four food sources of thiamin?
- pork
- wheat germ
- whole and enriched grain products
- nuts
What is the function of riboflavin?
- required in tissue oxidation and respiration
- essential for growth
what are the deficiency signs and symptoms of riboflavin?
- photophobia
- loss of visual acuity
- burning and itching eyes
- cheilosis
- angular stomatitis
- glossitis
- seborrheic dermatitis
What are food sources of riboflavin?
- milk
- cheese
- eggs
- organ meats
- green leafy vegetables
What are the functions of niacin?
- part of the enzyme system for oxidation and energy release
- necessary for synthesis of glycogen and the synthesis and breakdown of fatty acids
What are the deficiency symptoms of niacin?
- pellagra
- peripheral neuropathy
- encephalopathy with some dementia
- diarrhea secondary to atrophic changes in the GI tract
What are the toxicity symptoms of niacin?
- flushing
- tingling
- dizziness
- nausea
What are the food sources of niacin?
- lean meats
- poultry
- peanuts
- organ meats
- fish
- Brewer’s yeast
what are the functions of vitamin B-6?
- protein synthesis
- central nervous system metabolism
- hemoglobin synthesis
What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin B-6?
- microcytic hypochromic anemia with high serum irionn
- weakness
- nervousness
- insomnia
- glossitis
- stomatitis
- cheilosis
What are the symptoms of toxicity to vitamin b-6?
- sensory neuropathy with progressive ataxia
- altered sense of touch, temperature, and pain
what are the food sources of vitamin b-6?
- yeast
- wheat germ
- pork
- liver
- legumes
- potatoes
- bananas
- whole grain cereals
What is the function of folic acid?
- synthesis of DNA and RNA
- works with b12 to form hemoglobin for synthesis of red blood cells
what are deficiency symptoms of folic acid?
- poor growth
- megaloblastic anemia
- glossitis
- GI disturbances
- neural tube defects
What are toxicity symptoms folic acid?
- may mask b12 deficiency
- diarrhea
- insomnia
- irritability
What are food sources of folic acid?
- liver
- green leafy vegetables
- mushrooms
- legumes
- asparagus
- broccoli
- whole grain cereals
- nuts
What are the functions of b-12?
- red blood cell formation and nucleic acid synthesis
- effects nervous system through role in glucose metabolism
- carbon metabolism
What are the deficiency symptoms of b-12?
megaloblastic anemia
pernicious anemia
progressive neuropathy
What are food sources of b-12?
- liver
- kidney
- milk
- meat
- eggs
- cheese
- fish
What are the functions of pantothenic acid?
- energy release from protein, carbs, and fat
- required for fatty acid synthesis
What are the 8 symptoms of pantothenic acid deficiency?
- fatigue
- sleep disturbances
- personality changes
- nausea
- muscle cramps
- tingling in hands and feet
- impaired coordination
- loss of antibody production
What are the food sources of pantothenic acid?
- liver
- heart
- kidney
- egg yolk
- wheat bran
- fresh veggies
What are the functions of biotin?
- important in reactions involving the lengthening of carbon chains
- coenzyme carrier of carbon dioxide
What are deficiency symptoms of biotin?
- dermatitis
- glossitis
- anorexia
- nausea
- insomnia
What are the food sources of biotin?
- liver
- kidney
- milk
- egg yolk
- yeast
- mushrooms
- bananas
- strawberries
- grapefruit
- watermelon
