Normal Infant Feeding Development Newborn-6 months Flashcards
caregiver-infant dyad
- things to think about as we work with this demographic
- role of the caregiver in the feeding: maternal supply, breastfeeding, role of the father, balancing bottle and breast, return to work
- 4th trimester: 1st 3 months of life
feeding skill development
- impacted by overall development (cognitive, physical-gross and fine)
- also impacted by sensory experiences (neural pruning)
- medical (digestive, airway, GI, allergies)
- psychosocial development: emotional regulation, cognitive development, speech and language development
- family dynamics, cultural norms
- by 4-6 months feeding is solely a learned skill as early reflexes integrate
- look at feeding and oral motor skills within the context of the whole body
- everything is connected
tone and motor development and impact on feeding: stability and mobility
- changing interactiof stability and mobility as children age
- mobility develops from a proximal base of stability, moving toward more distal control
- refined development of distal oral motor skills is affected if proximal stability is an issue
- oral stability is dependent upon development of neck and shoulder girdle stability, which are dependent upon trunk and pelvic stability
- the jaw is proximal to the distal lips, cheeks, and tongue
stability
- external more dependent on external support early on in development and around 6 months
- less needed as the child approaches 12 months in typical development where more internal control and stability is developed
stability and mobility: the jaw is proximal to the distal lips, cheeks, and tongue
the ability to stabilize the jaw is a prerequisite for development of skilled and refined tongue and lip movement
sensory development and feeding
- normal development of the infant’s sensory systems has a major impact on oral sensorimotor skills
- mouth and hands have the highest number of sensory receptors per square inch of any other part of the body
- sensory receptors of the mouth are the earliest to emerge in fetal development
- early taste exposures com from mother’s diet which influences taste of breastmilk
- newborns pruning helps “engrain” pathways about touch, taste, vestibular input
- early tactile experiences and mouthing activities provide the infant with abundant oral sensory input
newborns pruning helps “engrain” pathways about touch, taste, vestibular input
- in normal development touch is associated with comfort/warmth care
- considerations in preterm population
“as the brain develops, sensory inputs pertinent to feeding extend into the midbrain, cerebellum, thalamus, and cerebral cortex. these developmental processes allow…”
“…the older infant and young child to gain competence in the evaluation of the physical character of food and ability to manipulate and swallow it.”
taste and smell development
- later food/flavor preference relate to earlier taste/flavor experiences
- at 4 months of age there is a change in taste perception which is impacted by earlier taste experiences
- breastfed infants are at an advantage to initially accept a food is the mother ate the food regularly while breastfeeding their child
later food/flavor preference relate to earlier taste/flavor experiences
infants prefer sweet and it is shown to having calming effects: breastmilk, sucrose on pacifier as analgesic for procedures
at 4 months of age there is a change in taste perception which is impacted by earlier taste experiences
- variation in formula flavor affected acceptance at age 4 months
- less tasty formula accepted prior to 4 months but not after
breastfed infants are at an advantage to initially accept a food is the mother ate the food regularly while breastfeeding their child
Forestell and Mennella 2017: infants who are breastfed by moms who have varied flavors in their diets, including vegetables, tend to accept those flavors more readily
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 0-13 months
breast milk/bottle (formula)
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 5-6 months
thin baby food cereals
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 6-7 months
thin baby food purees (Gerber stage 1)
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 7-8 months
thicker baby food cereals and thicker baby food smooth purees (Gerber stage 2)
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 8-9 months
soft mashed table foods and table food smooth purees
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 9 months
meltable solids: Towne House crackers, Gerber biter biscuits, graham crackers
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 10 months
soft solids: bananas, Gerber Graduate fruits, avocado
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 11 months
soft single texture solids: muffins, soft pastas, thin deli meat
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 12 months
soft mixed texture solids: Gerber stage 3, macaroni and cheese, french fries, lasagna
developmentally food/feeding continuum: 12-14 months
soft table foods
got skills? 0-3 months
- suckle on nipple, increased jaw ROM, mouth anticipates food, neck flexion, spatial orientation, some reflexes start to extinguish, suckle > suck
- nutrition/hydration: breast or bottle
got skills? 4-6 months
- dissassociates articulators, oral play, improved control, increased articulator ROM, teething, head and trunk control, transition to suck > suckle
- nutrition/hydration: breast or bottle, introduction to solids at 6 months, BLW at 6 months