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Normal human development Flashcards

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1
Q

stranger anxiety

A

the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person usually seen at 8-12 months

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2
Q

separation anxiety

A

the distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
usually seen at 6-8 months and peaks at 14-18months

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3
Q

stranger and separation anxiety

A

represent important social progress

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4
Q

trust-vs-mistrust stage

A

according to Erikson
period of time during which infants develop a sense of trust/mistrust
largely depending on how well their needs are met by caregivers

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5
Q

autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

A

according to Erikson
period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are \restricted/overprotected

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6
Q

sensorimotor stage

A 
part of Piagets cognitive development
first 2 yrs
reacting to environment
manipulating environment
ends/means relationship
object permanance
infers cause/effect
assimilation/accomadation
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7
Q

object permanence

A
  • understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
  • usually partially complete by 8-12 months and established by 12-18months
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8
Q

attachment

A

positive emotional bond that develops between child and particular individual

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9
Q

ainsworth strange situation

A

sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment btwn child and his mother/primary care giver

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10
Q

secure attachment pattern

A

style of attachment in which kids use mother as home base and are at ease when she is present, when she leaves they become upset, and go to her when she returns

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11
Q

reactive attachment disorder of infancy/early childhood

A

exposed to really poor care or abuse

  • inhibited type (child withdrawn or unresponsive)
  • disinhibited type (child approached and cuddles up to strangers)
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12
Q

toddlers

A

18months-2yrs
start moving away from caregiver
Rapporachement- run off, but quickly return to mom
say NO alot

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13
Q

infancy crisis and strength

A

basic trust vs mistrust

hope

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14
Q

early childhood crisis and strength

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

will

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15
Q

play age crisis and strength

A

initiative vs guilt

purpose

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16
Q

school age crisis and strength

A

industry vs inferiority

competence

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17
Q

adolescence crisis and strength

A

identity vs role confusion

fidelity

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18
Q

young adulthood crisis and strength

A

intimacy vs isolation

love

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19
Q

adulthood crisis and strength

A

generatively vs stagnation

care

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20
Q

old age crisis and strength

A

integrity vs despair

wisdom

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21
Q

temperament

A

patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual

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22
Q

goodness-of-fit

A

notion that development is dependent on degree of match btwn kids temperament and the nature and demands of environment in which they are raised

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23
Q

initiative-vs-guilt stage

A

according to erikson

kids 3-6 experience a conflict btwn independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action

24
Q

functional play

A

simple repetitive activities

usually 3yr olds

25
Q

constructive play

A

more sophisticated play where kids build something
developed by age 4
test physical and cognitive skills

26
Q

parallel play

A

kids use similar toys in similar manner, but do not interact
early pre-school

27
Q

onlooker play

A

kids simply watch other play

common among preschoolers

28
Q

associative play

A

2+ kids interact, sharing or borrowing toys but do not do smae thing

29
Q

cooperative play

A

kids genuinely play w/one anthoer taking turns at a game or devising contests

30
Q

by what age can kids understand others emotions

A

2

31
Q

by what age can kids understand the difference btwn real and make believe

A

3-4

32
Q

centration

A

process of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects
preschoolers

33
Q

according to piaget’s what are the 4 factors which influence cognitive behavior?

A

maturation of nervous system
experience
social transmission of information
equilibration

34
Q

equilibration

A

innate tendency for mental growth to progress toward increasingly complexity and stability

35
Q

preoperational stage

A 
piagets cognitive development
2-6yrs
language acquisition
symbolic reasoning
egocentrism
transductive thinking
magical thinking
36
Q

concrete operations

A 
piagets cognitive development
6-11yrs
logical cause/effect
reversibility of events
social speech
ability to take other point of view
conversation of volume and quantity
rigid interpretation of rules
37
Q

formal operations

A 
piagets cognitive development
11+yrs
abstract reasoning
more elaborate information processing
metacognitive capacity
can grasp probabilities
hypothetical thinking
38
Q

transformation

A

according to piaget
process whereby one state is changed to another
kids in preoperational period are unable to envision or recall successive transformations
basically ignore intermediate steps

39
Q

egocentric thought

A

according to piaget
thinking does not take viewpoints of others into accoutn
2 forms:
-lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective
-failure to realize that other may hold thoughts, feelings different from their own
preoperational period

40
Q

intuitive thought

A

according to piaget
thinking that reflects pre-schoolers use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world
begin to show concept of identity

41
Q

industry vs inferiority

A

erikson

school age

42
Q

industry

A

developing sense of competency at useful skills and tasks

school provides may opportunities

43
Q

inferiority

A

pessimism and lack of confidence in own ability to do things well
family environment, teachers, and peers can contribute to negative feelings

44
Q

school age

A 
7-11
freud- easy time, few sexual issues
develop logical thinking
concrete operations
concept of conservation
45
Q

conservation

A

1 thing can have 2 meanings

knowledge that quantity is unrelated to arrangement and physical appearance

46
Q

illness at school age

A

most do well w/coping
ones who don’t act out
they understand finality of death

47
Q

self-concept in middle childhood

A

social comparisions
emphasize competencies both +/-
perspective-taking
real self vs ideal

48
Q

fears and anxieties in middle childhood

A

dark, thunder, lightening, supernatural beings
fear of real-life personal harm
school phobia
harsh environments contribute to anxieties

49
Q

school phobia

A

5-7 separation from home

11-12 particular aspects of school

50
Q

identity vs role confusion

A

erikson

adolescence

51
Q

identity

A

defining who you are, what you value, and life direction
commitments to vocation, personal relationships, sexual orientation, ethnic group ideals
resolution of identity crisis or exploration

52
Q

role confusion

A

lack direction and definition of self
restricted exploration in adolescence
unprepared for stages of adulthood

53
Q

formal operational stage

A

piagets

hypothetical reasoning

54
Q

propositional thoguht

A

adolescents can evaluate logic of verbal propositions

kids can evaluate logical of statements by considering them against concrete evidence in real world

55
Q

consequences of adolescent cognitive chagnes

A

self-consciousness and self-focusing
idealsim and criticism
planning and decision making (more likely to choose short-term goals, rely on intuition)

Psych (8 decks)

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