Normal Gait

Question 1

What are the two phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 1

Swing Phase and Stance Phase

Question 2

Gait Cycle

Answer 2

Initial Contact, Opposite Toe Off, Heel Rise, Opposite Initial Contact, Toe Off, Feet Adjacent, and Tibial Vertical

Question 3

What makes up the stance phase

Answer 3

Loading response, mid-stance, terminal stance, and pre-swing

Question 4

What makes up the swing phase?

Answer 4

Initial Swing, Mid-swing, and terminal swing

Question 5

What is cadence?

Answer 5

Cadence is a temporal measurement of gait measuring time…it is the number of given footfalls in a given time

Question 6

What is normal cadence?

Answer 6

The normal cadence range is 90-130 steps/minute

Question 7

What is stride length?

Answer 7

Stride length is a spatial measurement…it is the distance either foot advances with each stride.

Question 8

What is normal stride length?

Answer 8

Normal stride length is -1.1-1.7 m

Question 9

What is gait speed?

Answer 9

Gait speed is a (spatial-temporal measurement) it is the rate of forward progression.

Question 10

What is normal gait speed?

Answer 10

0.9-1.7 m/s

Question 11

What is the method for measuring cadence?

Answer 11

Measure cadence by counting the steps during a known interval

Question 12

What is the method for measuring stride length

Answer 12

Measure stride length by counting the steps over a known distance and measuring talcum powder footprints

Question 13

What is the method for measuring speed

Answer 13

Measure speed by measuring the time that it takes a person to walk a kown distance

Question 14

What are the major three joints active during the gait cycle?

Answer 14

Hip, Knee, and Ankle

Question 15

When is the hip maximally flexed during the gait cycle?

Answer 15

The Hip is Maximally flexed in the late swing phase and Initial contact

Question 16

What is the action of the hip during the stance phase?

Answer 16

The hip is extended during most of the stance phase.

Question 17

What is the action of the hip from late stance to late swing phase?

Answer 17

The hip flexes from late stance phase to late swing phase.

Question 18

What position is the knee in at initial contact?

Answer 18

The knee is around full extension at initial contact.

Question 19

In what phase of the gait cycle does the knee flex?

Answer 19

The knee flexes and then extends in both the stance and swing phase.

Question 20

At what point in the gait cycle is the knee around full extension?

Answer 20

The knee is around full extension at Initial Contact and Late Stance Phase

Question 21

What is the position of the ankle during initial contact?

Answer 21

Neutral Position

Question 22

When during the gait cycle is the ankle in plantarflexion?

Answer 22

The ankle plantarflexes during the loading phase and during pre-swing.

Question 23

As stance phase progresses…what happens to the ankle?

Answer 23

Then ankle moves into dorsiflexion as stance phase progresses.

Question 24

When is the ankle is a neutral position during the gait cycle?

Answer 24

The ankle is in neutral at initial contact and early swing phase

Question 25

Initial Contact

Answer 25

Hip Flexed at 30’
Knee Relatively extended
Ankle relatively neutral position

Question 26

Loading Response

Answer 26

Hip-Extension via glute max/hamstrings
Knee–Flexion controlled eccentrically by quads
Ankle–Plantarflexion controlled eccentrically by tibialis anterior

Question 27

Opposite toe off

Answer 27

Hip-extension via glute max/hamstrings
Knee-flexion ontrolled by quads
Ankle-Plantarflexion reverses over to dorsiflexion controlled eccentrically by triceps surae

Question 28

Mid-stance

Answer 28

Hip-extension continues due to inertia/gravity and glute medius becomes active in frontal plane
Knee-Peak flexion (10-20) and then begins to extend (controlled by quads)
Ankle–dorsiflexion controlled eccentrically by triceps surae

Question 29

Heel Rise

Answer 29

Hip-extension continues via graviy/inertia and glute medius still active
Knee–peak extension (passively) and then flexes 2’ triceps surae
Ankle–peak dorsiflexion achieved and stabilized by triceps surae

Question 30

Opposite Initial Contact

Answer 30

Hip–peak extension (10-20’)
Knee–continues to flex controlled eccentrically by quads
Ankle–Moving into Plantarflexion achieved 2’ to concentric activation of triceps surae

Question 31

Toe Off

Answer 31

HIp–Flexion via gravity, tension of ligaments, rectus femoris and adductor longus
Knee–added by GRF and then largely by hip flexion (double pendulum)
Ankle–Peak Plantarflexion (25’) just after toe off

Question 32

Feet Adjacent

Answer 32

Hip–Flexion via powerful contraction of hip flexors, aided y gravity
Knee–Reaches peak flexion 960-70’) via double pendulum
Ankle–moving toward neutral position via voncentric contraction of tibialis anterior

Question 33

Tibia Vertical

Answer 33

Hip–peak hip flexion (30’)
Knee–rapid knee extension controlled eccentrically by hamstrings
Ankle–moving toward neutral position via concentric contraction of tibialis anterior