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Assistive Tech > Normal Gait > Flashcards

Normal Gait Flashcards

1
Q

what are 3 functions of a pronatory foot in gait

A
  1. adaptation
  2. shock absorption
  3. torque conversion
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2
Q

what are 3 functions of a supinatory foot in gait

A
  1. rigid lever
  2. stable base for propulsion
  3. heel raise as tibia moves over foot
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3
Q

what relationship proximal rotation have with foot position

A

when get rotatory forces at femur or tibia w/ gait or mvmt –> creates proximal torque into supinatory or pronatory functions

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4
Q

when does swing begin and end

A

toe off to IC of same limb

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5
Q

when does 1 gait cycle begin and end

A

IC to IC of same limb

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6
Q

when does stance phase begin and end

A

IC to toe off of same limb

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7
Q

when does loading response begin and end

A

begins at heel contact and ends at opposite toe off

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8
Q

what are the 3 rockers of gait

A

heel
ankle
forefoot

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9
Q

when are the 2 periods of DLS time during the stance phase of gait

A

initial contact
preswing

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10
Q

what is the heel rocker and what is its purpose

A

tibia starts to move over foot
- helps w nice fluid transition for gait

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11
Q

what is the significance of foot position in loading response

A

ST pronation unlocks mid-tarsal joints and allows foot to become more mobile and adapt to uneven surfaces to absorb GRF/shock

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12
Q

when is the heel rocker in gait

A

initial contact

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13
Q

when is the ankle rocker in gait

A

midstance

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14
Q

what is the ankle rocker and what is its function

A

allows body weight to smoothly transition over foot
- COG moves over new SLS BOS

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15
Q

function of mobile vs rigid foot

A

mobile foot = loading response
rigid lever = push off

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16
Q

when does SLS time begin and end in the stance phase of gait

A

midstance to terminal stance

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17
Q

what is the forefoot rocker and what is its function

A

tibia moves over foot until DF ends, then get heel rise
- body moves ahead BOS to continue fluid gait

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18
Q

when is the forefoot rocker in gait

A

terminal stance

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19
Q

how does COG and BOS change between DLS and SLS times

A

DLS:
- COG is low
- COG is in middle of BOS

SLS:
- COG is high
- COG is lateral in BOS

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20
Q

what is the angle of gait

A

longitudinal axis of foot and line of progression (angle body is moving)

avg = 7deg toe out

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21
Q

what is the base of gait

A

horizontal distance from one HS to next HS

avg = 3.5in

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22
Q

what is step length

A

distance from IC of one foot to IC of opp foot

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23
Q

what is stride length

A

distance b/w 2 consecutive ICs of same foot

avg = 4.5ft

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24
Q

what is cadence

A

step rate
#of steps/min

avg = 101-122 steps/min

women = faster
slows w age

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25
Q

how is cadence related to stance and swing time in gait

A

as cadence inc, stance and swing time both dec

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26
Q

what is cadence and gait speed predictive values of (5)

A

functional decline
mortality
fall risk
functional and physiological decline
QOL

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27
Q

what are 2 clinical tests for measuring gait speed/cadence

A

10m WT
TUG

28
Q

when does maximal pronation occur with WBing

A

foot flat

29
Q

when does resupination occur with WBing

A

during mid-stance

30
Q

what are the triplanar motions happening w OKC ST pronation

A

calcaneal:
- eversion
- ABD
- DF

31
Q

what are the triplanar motions happening w CKC ST pronation

A

calcaneal eversion
talar ADD/PF - drops down & in
tibial IR

32
Q

what is the only similar motion b/w OKC and CKC pronation

A

calcaneal eversion

33
Q

what happens all the way up the chain with CKC pronation

A

calcaneal eversion
talar ADD/PF
tibial IR
- unlocks knee/reverses screw home

knee flexion
hip IR
- moving acetabulum and femoral alignment

ant pelvic tilt
inc lumbar lordosis

34
Q

what are the triplanar motions happening w OKC ST supination

A

calcaneal:
- inversion
- ADD
- PF

35
Q

what are the triplanar motions happening w CKC ST supination

A

calcaneal inversion
talar ABD/DF -> moves up and in
tibial ER

36
Q

what is the only similar mvmt between OKC and CKC supination

A

calcaneal inversion

37
Q

what happens all the way up the chain with CKC supination

A

calcaneal inversion
talar ABD/DF
- elevation of arch

tibial ER
- screw home mechanism

knee ext
hip ER
post pelvic tilt
dec lumbar lordosis

38
Q

what is midtarsal joint mobility dependent on

A

STJ position

39
Q

how does a pronated STJ impact midtarsal mobility and why

A

inc mobility, low arch
- axis of joints are parallel which allows for mobility

40
Q

how does a supinated STJ impact midtarsal mobility and why

A

dec mobility, high arch
- axis of joints are crossed/perp to and become more rigid

41
Q

why would we as PT care more about stance than swing phase

A

more problems occur in stance
- much more relevant to us

42
Q

what are 2 functions required of a more mobile foot with loading response

A

shock absorpion
adapt to surface terrain

43
Q

what is the equivalent of GRF to body weight with loading response

A

vertical load of 110-125% of body weight

44
Q

how is the GRF related to cadence

A

load inc as cadence inc

45
Q

when does propulsion start in gait

A

heel rise

46
Q

what is the relationship of amt of GRF, foot position, and midstance

A

vertical load ~75% of BW
- lot of GRF absorbed in loading response –> foot doesn’t have to be pronated and can re-supinate in midstance to become a rigid lever

47
Q

what are GRF in propulsion (terminal stance & preswing)

A

vertical load >125% of BW

48
Q

what torque conversion in the loading response

A

femoral rotation absorbed by STJ CKC pronation
- as heel strike, hip IR -> tibial IR -> talus drops down and in -> pronation -> absorbs shock and adapts to ground

49
Q

what is the ER force created and accelerated by in mid stance

A

created by swing of leg and opposite arm
- accelerated by ERs and glut concentric contraction

50
Q

what is the purpose of knee flexion in the loading response

A

shock absorption
accomodate GRF

51
Q

why is co-contraction of ms in loading response important

A

maintains a stable knee

52
Q

what ms are working during midstance

A

ms contracting, but more passive bc ext moment as body moves over leg
- gastroc decelerates so knee doesn’t snap back

53
Q

why is PF initiated passively in loading response

A

GRF vertical on heel

54
Q

why do muscles work eccentrically to decel PF in loading response

A

don’t want foot to slap onto floor
- controlling and preventing rapid PF

55
Q

why is DF passive in midstance

A

tibia advancing over fixed foot

56
Q

what is the purpose of eccentric contractions to decel DF in midstance

A

prevent excessive DF

57
Q

why and when does DF become PF in stance

A

run out of DF some point after midstance d/t ms restriction or TC joint restriction
- when you run out of DF, get passive PF as heel rises

58
Q

when does PF become active in propulsion

A

accelerated gait

59
Q

how do the GS complex work to make PF in propulsion when gait is inc

A

resists DF during heel rise
controls higher GRF

60
Q

what muscle has the best orientation to the STJ and what is the significance of this

A

post tib
- gives best mechanical advantage to decelerate pronation

61
Q

why is how well we control pronation in the loading response significant to midstance

A

how well we control pronation dictates how well we can re-supinate in midstance
- if still pronating when should be starting to supinate, that dictates how much they will be able to resupinate

62
Q

what is a ms that is not large but works hard the entirety of stance phase

A

post tib

63
Q

what is supination in propulsion driven by

A

ER of the limb

64
Q

when is max control of MTJ needed

A

propulsion (terminal stance to preswing)

windlass effect - peak tensile forces/strain on plantar fascia supporting the foot

65
Q

what is an example of a treatment if someone is presenting w exessive pronation

A

ecc glut

66
Q

what is a rule of thumb if treating someone w excessive motion at any point in the gait cycle

A

look at what ms should be ecc working or stabilizing –> then work on them

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