Normal Development

Question 1

IQ is a ratio of what two “ages” in a child?

Answer 1

Mental Age/ Chronological Age

Question 2

What are the 3 sub-types of factors which can influence normal development?

Answer 2

Genetic
Nutritional
Environmental

Question 3

Describe the difference between MEDIAN age and LIMIT age for acquiring a skill

Answer 3

MEDIAN = 50% children in population achieve a skill

LIMIT = skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of children (2SD)

Question 4

What are the normal MEDIAN and LIMIT ages for walking?

Answer 4

13 months = MEDIAN

18 months = LIMIT

Question 5

By what age do the majority of children crawl?

Answer 5

10 months

Question 6

Give variations of crawling

Answer 6

Bum shuffle (adopted by 70% of non-crawlers)
Commando crawl (pulling along by arms)
Rolling
Back Torpedo Shuffling (dig heels in and push head backwards)

Question 7

Children who adopt a crawling variation generally walk later than those who 4-point crawl. TRUE/FALSE?

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

What is meant by cephalocaudal development?

Answer 8

Direction of development in child

Head -> Trunk -> Limbs -> Extremities

Question 9

What are the 4 main areas of development?

Answer 9

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

Question 10

A development in one specific area can halt development in another area. TRUE/FALSE?

Answer 10

TRUE

e.g. a development in walking between 13-18 months can cause a halt in the progression of speech and language

Question 11

Give examples of the primitive reflexes

Answer 11

• Sucking and rooting (breastfeeding)
• Palmar and plantar grasp
• Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
• Moro
• Stepping and placing

Question 12

Explain the moro reflex

Answer 12

• response to a sudden loss of support
• infant feels as if it is falling
• arms spread by side and then brought in as if to regain support

Question 13

Describe what happens during the Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR)

Answer 13

head turns to side and ipsilateral arm comes out for stability

Question 14

The ATNR is lost later in life. TRUE/FALSE?

Answer 14

TRUE

lost at around 3-4 months

Question 15

When are the saving reflexes developed and give an example?

Answer 15

between 5-7 months

e.g. putting hand down to stop losing balance when sitting

Question 16

It is important to put a baby to sleep on their back, but should they be put on their front when awake?

Answer 16

Yes as not lying prone will prevent development in that area

Question 17

Describe what is meant by the phrase “cruising around the furniture”

Answer 17

Using furniture as support for balance when they can’t walk unaided

Question 18

What condition can be missed and become responsible for babies refusing to walk at 18 months?

Answer 18

Dislocated Hip

Question 19

Fine motor skills can disguise visual impairment to parents. TRUE/FALSE?

Answer 19

TRUE

just because a child can bring their hand up in front of their face and study it does not mean their vision is okay

Question 20

What is “Transpheric Grip”?

Answer 20

baby transferring an item from one hand to the other

Question 21

At what age do babies develop fine pincer grip and why is this an issue?

Answer 21

12 months

Risk of picking up small items that could cause choking

Could get a hold of medication that could be harmful to them

Question 22

Hearing difficulties are always picked up on neonatal screening. TRUE/FALSE?

Answer 22

FALSE

• Doesnt always pick it up
• Recurrent ear infections in infancy can cause “glue ear” and hearing problems

Question 23

What pitch of vibrations are children missing if they have “glue ear”?

Answer 23

High pitched

they can often hear the low pitched vibrations in speech

Question 24

If a child reaches the limit age for development of a social smile, what can this indicate?

Answer 24

Potential early autism

Visual defect? (as they cant see people smiling back at them)

Question 25

What is meant by symbolic play?

Answer 25

The child plays with toys as if the items are real

e. g.
1) uses phone as if really talking on the phone to another person
2) Puts teddy to bed

Question 26

What is meant by object permanence?

Answer 26

The child looks for a toy even though it was temporarily out of sight