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Babies > Normal Development > Flashcards

Normal Development Flashcards

1
Q

How long is the neonate phase

A

first 4 weeks of life

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2
Q

What is normal gestation length?

A

40 weeks

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3
Q

What is full-term?

A

38-42 weeks

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4
Q

What is preterm?

A

before the end of the 37th week

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5
Q

What is post-term?

A

After the onset of the 42nd week

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6
Q

What is the range of normal birthweight? Average?

A

between 5.5-9.5 lbs, Avg: 7.5

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7
Q

What is the average length of a baby?

A

20 inches

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8
Q

AGA

A

appropriate for gestational age, weight between the 10th-90th percentiles for their age.

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9
Q

SGA

A

Small for gestational age, weight below the 10th percentile for their age.

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10
Q

LGA

A

Large for gestational age, weight above the 90th percentile for their age.

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11
Q

LBW

A

Low birth weight, born at less than 2500 g (5lb 8 oz)

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12
Q

VLBW

A

Very low birth weight, born at less than 1500 g (3lb 5 oz)

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13
Q

ELBW

A

Extremely low birth weight, born at less than 1000 g (2lb 3 oz)

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14
Q

IUGR

A

Intrauterine growth restriction. OBGYN measures the growth in utero. Less than 10th percentile = concern. Take measurements externally. May have to deliver early if it isn’t fixed.

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15
Q

Where are IUGR measurements taken?

A

Externally from the pubic bone to the top of the uterus.

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16
Q

What is the best nutrition for the baby? Second Best? How long should they be on these foods?

A

Breast milk is best, followed by formula. Exclusively these liquids for 1st 6 mo., 12 mo if possible is best.

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17
Q

If a baby is malnourished for the first ______ then their growth may be stunted.

A

3-4 years of life

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18
Q

How much of a role does heredity play in height?

A

A lot. 60-80% of height difference between people attributed to heredity.

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19
Q

How much should a baby grow at first?

A

1-1.5 inches per month

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20
Q

Is it typical for the baby to lose weight in the first few days?

A

Yes. 5-7% of body weight

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21
Q

When will the baby start gaining weight again? How much?

A

After 1-2 weeks. 4-8 oz per week.

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22
Q

How much should the baby weigh by the end of the 1st year?

A

2.5 - 3 x their birth weight.

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23
Q

Average head circumference at birth

A

13.5 inches

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24
Q

Microcephaly

A

Smaller head. Below the 10th percentile. Could be inadequate brain growth, genetic problem, etc.

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25
Q

Macrocephaly

A

Bigger head. Above the 90th percentile. Indicates hydrocephalus.

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26
Q

FTT

A

Failure to thrive. Weight falls below the third percentile. Can be intrinsic or extrinsic.

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27
Q

Intrinsic FTT

A

Problems with the liver, metabolic rate, etc. intrinsic to the childs processes.

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28
Q

Extrinsic FTT

A

Not being nourished, not enough social interaction, neglect, etc. Reasons out of their control.

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29
Q

Rules for back to sleep campaign

A

Alone, on my back, in a crib.

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30
Q

Why is tummy time important?

A

For development of back/neck extensors. Helps develop gross motor skills

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31
Q

What does the state of Ohio require newborn testing for?

A

Genetic, endocrine, & metabolic disorders

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32
Q

What do amino acid disorders cause? What does it result in?

A

The baby’s ability to break down proteins. Toxic build up that can result in intellectual disability and other problems.

33
Q

What is Phenylketonuria (PKU)? How is it treated?

A

Amino acid disorder. Unable to break down phenylalanine, builds up, can result in brain damage. Treated with special diet.

34
Q

What is Homocystinuria?

A

Amino acid disorder. Cant break down some amino acids and they build up in the blood, leads to blood clots. Treated with special diet.

35
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Endocrine disorder. Not enough thyroid hormone. Decreased growth, intellectual disability/learning delay. Treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy.

36
Q

What are fatty acid disorders?

A

Interfere with turning fats into energy. Can cause seizures, poor breathing, blood sugar, heart and muscle function problems. Treated with special diet and medications.

37
Q

What are organic acid disorders?

A

Interfere with ability to remove certain waste products from the blood. Results in problems maintaining blood sugar, bouts of vomiting, coma. Treated with special diet.

38
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

Body cannot break down galactose (in milk and other foods). Causes developmental delay, liver damage, cataracts. Treated with a special diet.

39
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

A hemoglobinopathy. Autosomal recessive trait. Red blood cells don’t live as long or function as well. Cells only live 10-20 days vs 120 days. African Americans have higher incidence. decreased endurance, spleen prone to infection. Maybe treated with antibiotics.

40
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

Autosomal recessive trait. Body produces excessive mucous which is too thick because the Na++ Cl- channels arent working properly. Clogs up the lungs. pancreas is affected body can’t get proper nutrition.

41
Q

What is the CFTR modulator?

A

Works with some mutations of CF, allows sodium chloride channels to work thinning the mucous.

42
Q

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

A

Jaundice. Breakdown product from RBCs hemoglobin. Usually secreted in the bile. If mom if Rh (-) and baby is Rh (+) mom develops antibodies and can be bad for next pregnancy.

43
Q

What is a normal APGAR score?

A

7-10. Done at 1-2 minutes and 5 minutes post-birth.

44
Q

What is a baby’s respiratory pattern?

A

30-50 breaths per minute, obligate nose breathers.

45
Q

Typical baby HR?

A

100-160 beats per minute

46
Q

What’s a baby’s vision like?

A

Don’t see well far away. Least developed of all senses. Like human faces and high contrast images.

47
Q

When is a babies hearing fully developed?

A

At birth.

48
Q

What is cradle cap?

A

very common skin condition. Scaly patches on the scalp that go away within a few months.

49
Q

What are hemangiomas?

A

a birthmark that most commonly appears as a rubbery, bright red nodule of extra blood vessels in the skin. Usually go away on their own in time.

50
Q

What are milia?

A

Baby acne or milk rash

51
Q

What are stork bites?

A

Common birthmark in newborns. Flat salmon colored build up of blood vessels. Often goes away on its own.

52
Q

Erb’s Palsy

A

75% of injuries. C5-C6 upper brachial plexus injury. Head and shoulder stretched opposite ways. Shoulder can get caught under pubic bone during birth. Waiters tip.

53
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy

A

C8-T1 Lower brachial plexus injury. Primarily ulnar nerve. Claw hand. less than 5% of brachial plexus injuries.

54
Q

Erb-Klumpke’s

A

Entire brachial plexus. 20% of injuries.

55
Q

What is DDH?

A

Developmental Dysplasia of the hip. May have unequal thigh creases or in the gluteal area or unequal knee height (lower knee often pathological)

56
Q

Barlow Test

A

Test to assess for DDH. Only valid until 3 mo. Trying to see if the hip will displace. Hand under sacrum. Knee/hip bent to 90 degrees, Slight adduction, axial load through knee.

57
Q

Ortolani Test

A

Test to assess for DDH. Only valid until 3 mo. Replaces the Barlow test. Flex hip to 90 degrees, abduct, apply anterior pressure at the greater trochanter. Will feel clunk if the hip relocates.

58
Q

What is club foot?

A

Orthopedic condition. Foot adducted & PF. Can sometimes be treated with stretching protocol.

59
Q

What things do doctors check for in a newborn?

A

Autonomic NS regulation, control of motor system, state regulation, social interaction.

60
Q

State I

A

Very deep sleep, no movement, eyes are closed. ANS well regulated then they will enter deep sleep for extended period of time

61
Q

State II

A

light sleep and the eyes are shut moving a little bit

62
Q

State III

A

starting to wake up, opening eyes, closing eyes, dozing

63
Q

State IV

A

Awake, eyes are open, moving a little bit. If ANS is regulated they should be able to stay this way for a time.

64
Q

State V

A

Awake, moving kicking

65
Q

State VI

A

The child is crying

66
Q

What is physiologic flexion?

A

In utero the child is in flexion, when they are born they maintain that flexed position. Bear weight on the chest and head.

67
Q

Should the heel be able to go all the way to the ear?

A

No. Should be able to go to level of the chest with normal tone.

68
Q

What is the popliteal angle?

A

Flex the hip so the thigh is in contact with the abdomen, then start to extend the babies leg. 90-100 degrees is normal.

69
Q

What is the scarf sign?

A

Moving the arm into HADd. full term baby you should feel resistance about at midline.

70
Q

Should the baby have a lot of extension when you pick it up?

A

No. it should snuggle into you, but not be too floppy. Indicates ability to adjust to a new position.

71
Q

What is the pull to sit test?

A

pull baby up by hands head will be corrected from “lag” close to the vertical position. If they don’t it indicates low muscle tone.

72
Q

What’s the significance of spontaneous movements?

A

Looking for the baby to be symmetrical with their movements. All extremities moving to indicate good, balanced muscle tone.

73
Q

When does sucking develop? Rooting?

A

Both at 28 weeks of gestation

74
Q

Sensory systems to assess in baby.

A

Tactile, proprioception, visual, auditory (may startle, look toward sound), vestibular (respond well to slow linear movement)

75
Q

HIP ROM at birth

A

Flexion contracture - 30 degrees
External rotation > IR (& ABducted)
Coxa valga (max 150 degrees)
Anteversion - exceeds 25 degrees

76
Q

Knee ROM at birth

A

Flexion contracture - 30 degrees

genu varum

77
Q

Talo-crural ROM at birth

A

70 degrees dorsiflexion

78
Q

Vertebral column at birth

A

concave anteriorly

Babies (6 decks)

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