Normal Development Flashcards
time frame for prenatal
conception - 8 weeks
time frame for fetal
8 weeks - birth
timeframe for infancy
birth - 15 months
time frame for toddler
15 months - 2.5 years
time frame for preschool
2.5 years - 6 years
time frame for middle childhood
6 - 12 years
when is fetal movement typically detected
16-20 weeks
what is pruning
programmed cell death during the development of neurons, synapses, axons, and other brain structures
why does pruning occur
to eliminate cells that served their purpose in the development of the brain
what are some common drugs with teratogenic effects
antibiotics
anticonvulsants
progesterone-estrogens
lithium
warfarin
what makes an infant premature
birth before 34 weeks
OR weigh less than 5.5lbs
when is a baby considered postmature
2weeks after due date
when do infants start to vocalize (other than crying)
approximately 8 weeks
endogenous smiling
occurs spontaneously for first 2 months unrelated to stimuli
when does exogenous smiling begin
approximately 16 weeks
what happens when infant is separated from the mother for a prolonged period during the second 6 months of life
can develop depression that can persist into adulthood
what are the 3 attachment styles
secure attachment
insecure/avoidant attachment
insecure/ambivalent attachment
insecure/avoidant attachment
-anxious, clingy and angry with parent
-typically parents are also insecurely attached
insecure/ambivalent attachment
-raised by disorganized, neglecting, and inattentive parents
-more likely to be inconsolable in distress
-more likely to suffer mood swings, act out, and be oversensitive to stress
when is stranger anxiety considered normal
expected around 26 weeks
language and cognitive development in toddlers
-begin to listen to explanations that help them tolerate delay
-create new behaviors from old ones
-varied capacities for concentration and self-regulation
emotional and social development of toddlers
-differentiation of pleasure/displeasure
-look to others for how they should respond
-exploratory excitement
-organized demo of love and protest
sexual development of the toddler
-assume culturally appropriate behaviors for gender
-gender identity emerges
typical time frame for toilet training
usually complete by 2/5
nighttime control by 4
primary socialization goals that are met by the end of the preschool stage
-language expands/uses sentences
-egocentric thinking (no empathy)
-thinks intuitively (does not understand causal relationships)
type of play expected for 2 1/2 - 3 year olds
parallel play
Type of play expected for 3-year-olds
begins to become associative
type of play expected for 4-year-olds
cooperative play
what ages are considered the middle years
between 6 and puberty
how does thinking change during the middle years
becomes organized and logical and becomes abstract by the end of the stage
when does empathy develop
around 9 or 10
what does the absence of a best friend through the middle years possibly mean
may be an early sign of impending schizophrenia
consequences of authoritarian parenting (strict inflexible rules)
can cause low self-esteem, unhappiness, and social withdrawal
what is indulgent-permissive parenting
little limit setting coupled with unpredictable harshness
consequences of indulgent-permissive parenting
low self-reliance, poor impulse control, and aggression
what is indulgent-neglectful parenting
noninvolvement in child’s life
consequences of indulgent-neglectful parenting
low self-esteem, impaired self-control, increased aggression
what is authoritative-reciprocal parenting
firm rules and shared decision making in a loving environment
consequences of authoratative-reciprocal parenting
self-reliance, self-esteem, and social responsibility
ego identity in adolescence
integration of past experiences with current changes takes place
what is moratorium
interim period between concrete thinking of childhood and more evolved complex ethical development
ages considered early adolescence
12-14-
when do the most striking changes physically, attitudinally, and behaviorally take place
early adolescence (between 12-14)
what is considered middle adolescence
14-16
first signs of puberty
increase in height and weight
Kohlberg’s pre-conventional morality
determining factors are punishment and obedience to parents
Kohlberg’s conventional role conformity
children try to conform to gain approval and maintain relationships
Kohlberg’s morality of self-accepted moral principles
comply with rules based on ethical principles and makes exceptions when necessary
What are the most important factors of self-esteem in adolescents
perception of attractiveness
high value to family/peers
what is the most strongly associated factor for violence
growing up in a fatherless household
