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Normal Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first to identify cell and in what year?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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2
Q

Cell theory was brought about in what year?
What are they?

A

1885
All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
Cells come from replication of pre-existing cells

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3
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria
Blue green algae

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4
Q

Cytoplasm is the region inside the plasma membrane that contains fluid, cytoskeleton and all organelles including the nucleus. T/F

A

False

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5
Q

The plasma membrane is rigid. T/F?

A

False. It’s fluid

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6
Q

Constitutents of Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Protein
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Cystosolic fluid is extracellular. T/F

A

False. Intra

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8
Q

ISF is extracellular. T/F

A

True

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic meaning?

A

It had both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

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10
Q

Hydrophobic tails are polar. T/F

A

False. They are non-polar

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11
Q

Hydrophilic heads are polar. T/F

A

True.They are polar

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12
Q

Extrinsic proteins are attached to the inner or outer surface of the bilayer by?

A

Weak electrostatic forces

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13
Q

Transmembrane proteins are extrinsic proteins which spam the entire thickness of the CM to be exposed on each surface. T/F

A

False. They are intrinsic proteins

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14
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Signal transduction
Intercellular joining
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Cell-cell recognition
Anchorage

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15
Q

Functions of Plasma.M

A

Protection
Communication
Selectively allow substances to pass in and out
Recognition
Respond to environment

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16
Q

Plasma membrane is affected in — and —

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

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17
Q

In Apoptosis plasma membrane is destroyed and in necrosis plasma membrane is intact. T/F

A

False. Opposite

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18
Q

Deficiencies of hereditary protein include?

A

Stomacytosis of RBC
Cystic fibrosis
Wilson’s disease

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19
Q

CTFR meaning

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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20
Q

What protein deformity is marked by accumulation of CU and a mutation in ATP7B protein?

A

Wilson’s disease

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21
Q

What protein deformity is marked by a mutation in CFTR gene leading to production of abnormally folded protein which is degraded by the cell?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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22
Q

What deformity is marked by increase of intracellular sodium?

A

Stomacytosis of RBC

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23
Q

What is the most obvious feature of the cell seen under the microscope?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

The structure of a nucleus encompasses?

A

Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Chromosomes

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25
The matrix present inside of a nucleus is known as?
Nuceloplasm
26
Chromosomes are present in the form of strings of DNA and histones(protein molecules) called ———
Chromatin
27
Another name for nucleoplasm is?
Karyoplasm
28
Heterochromatin is —, —, — and —
More condensed Less Rich(high AT) Gene silenced Stains darker
29
Example of an enucleated cell
RBC
30
Example of multi nucleated cells
Osteoclasts
31
The principal organelles involved in protein synthesis are?
Nucleus and Ribosome
32
Transcription occurs where?
Nucleus
33
Translation occurs where?
Cytoplasm
34
Ribosomes consist of two subunits of unequal size what are they??
A strand of rRNA and assasociated ribosomal proteins forming a globular structure
35
Diamond black fan anemia and 5q syndrome are examples of what cell structure pathology?
Ribosomapathies
36
What Ribosome pathology is due to RPS 14 defect?
5q syndrome
37
What Ribosome pathology is due to defects in RPS 19,24
Diamond Blackfan anemia
38
Meaning of RPS
Radiation protection series
39
In 5q syndrome. Macrocytic anaemia may progress to?
Acute Myeloid leukemia
40
What organelle is also an important source of reactive oxygen species? Oxygen free radicals and Hydrogen peroxide
Mitochondria
41
Mitochondria provides enzymatic machinery for?
Oxidative phosphorylation
42
MtDNA is paternally inherited. T/F
False
43
What membrane of Mt contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain folded into Cristae
Inner membrane
44
What part of the mitochondria membrane harbors the bulk of certain metabolic enzymes such as CAC?
Matrix space
45
Outside the IMM is?
Inter-membrane space
46
where is the site of ATP synthesis?
Inter membrane space
47
Pathology of Mitochondria is?
Leigh syndrome(regression in motor skills)
48
What is the site for synthesis of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for plasma membrane and cellular organelles
ER! Including itself
49
The ER consists of interconnecting network of membranous tubules called
Vesicles and flattened sacs
50
sER is involved in the synthesis and secretion of protein. T/F
False
51
Proteins attain their tertiary structures where?
rER
52
Intrachain disulfide bonds are formed and the first step of glycosylation occurs where?
Within the rER
53
What organelle is attached to the ends of the rER?
Vesicles
54
Modification, sorting and packaging is done by what organelle ?
Golgi apparatus
55
The principal function of sER is?
Lipid biosynthesis, membrane synthesis and repair
56
The sER exists as a transition zone from —- to transport —- moving to —-
rER, vesicles, Golgi
57
sER is abundant in —— because of —-
Gonads and adrenals becuase of steroidogenesis
58
The sER is responsible for sequestering ?
Intracellular calcium
59
What organelle consists of stacked, saucer shaped membrane bound cisternae
Golgi apparatus
60
The proteins packaged into the membrane bound vesicles detach to the cis Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations. T/F
False. Trans not Cis
61
Defects in Golgi apparatus leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as?
Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease
62
Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles which contain more than 40 digestive enzymes collectively known as——
Acid hydrolasea(lipases,phosphatases)
63
Lysosomal storage diseases?
Gauchers and Niemann Pick
64
Peroxisomes contain what enzymes?
Oxidases and catalases
65
What enzyme regulated peroxide concept and has a protective effect by oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohols
Catalyst enzyme of peroxisomes
66
What enzyme leads to the production of peroxide for killing ingested micro organisms
Oxidase enzyme
67
What are the most abundant cytosolic filaments in cells?
Actin filaments
68
What filament is a 10nm diameter fibril that consists of a large and heterogeneous family?
Intermediate filaments
69
What structure has individual types that have characteristics tissue specific patterns of expression that can be useful for assigning a cell of origin for poorly differentiated tumors
Intermediate filaments
70
What kind of intermediate filaments is Mesenchymal cells(fibroblasts, endothelium)
Vimentin
71
Muscle cells forming scaffold on which actin and myosin contract is what kind of intermediate filament?
Desmin
72
Nuclear lamina of all cells is what what kind of I.F?
Lamina A, B, C
73
Axons of neurons imparting strength and rigidity are what kind of I.F?
Neurofilaments
74
What I.F has 30 distinct varieties subdivided into acidic(type 1) and neutral/basic(type 2). Different type present in different cells can be used as cell makers
Cytokeratins
75
Thickness of microtubules? What does its fibrils contain?
25nm thick Fibrils composed of dimers of alpha and beta tubulin
76
Within cells microtubules serve as?
Connecting cables for molecular motor proteins that use ATP to move organelles around cells along microtubules
77
Microtubules form motile cilia in —- and flagella in —-
Bronchial epithelium and sperm

Morbid Anatomy (4 decks)

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