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Morbid Anatomy > Normal Cell > Flashcards

Normal Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first to identify cell and in what year?

A

Robert Hooke in 1665

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2
Q

Cell theory was brought about in what year?
What are they?

A

1885
All living things are made up of one or more cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism
Cells come from replication of pre-existing cells

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3
Q

Examples of prokaryotes

A

Bacteria
Blue green algae

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4
Q

Cytoplasm is the region inside the plasma membrane that contains fluid, cytoskeleton and all organelles including the nucleus. T/F

A

False

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5
Q

The plasma membrane is rigid. T/F?

A

False. It’s fluid

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6
Q

Constitutents of Plasma membrane

A

Phospholipids
Protein
Cholesterol
Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Cystosolic fluid is extracellular. T/F

A

False. Intra

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8
Q

ISF is extracellular. T/F

A

True

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9
Q

Phospholipid bilayer is amphipathic meaning?

A

It had both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails

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10
Q

Hydrophobic tails are polar. T/F

A

False. They are non-polar

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11
Q

Hydrophilic heads are polar. T/F

A

True.They are polar

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12
Q

Extrinsic proteins are attached to the inner or outer surface of the bilayer by?

A

Weak electrostatic forces

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13
Q

Transmembrane proteins are extrinsic proteins which spam the entire thickness of the CM to be exposed on each surface. T/F

A

False. They are intrinsic proteins

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14
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Signal transduction
Intercellular joining
Transport
Enzymatic activity
Cell-cell recognition
Anchorage

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15
Q

Functions of Plasma.M

A

Protection
Communication
Selectively allow substances to pass in and out
Recognition
Respond to environment

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16
Q

Plasma membrane is affected in — and —

A

Necrosis and apoptosis

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17
Q

In Apoptosis plasma membrane is destroyed and in necrosis plasma membrane is intact. T/F

A

False. Opposite

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18
Q

Deficiencies of hereditary protein include?

A

Stomacytosis of RBC
Cystic fibrosis
Wilson’s disease

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19
Q

CTFR meaning

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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20
Q

What protein deformity is marked by accumulation of CU and a mutation in ATP7B protein?

A

Wilson’s disease

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21
Q

What protein deformity is marked by a mutation in CFTR gene leading to production of abnormally folded protein which is degraded by the cell?

A

Cystic fibrosis

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22
Q

What deformity is marked by increase of intracellular sodium?

A

Stomacytosis of RBC

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23
Q

What is the most obvious feature of the cell seen under the microscope?

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

The structure of a nucleus encompasses?

A

Nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
Nucleolus
Chromosomes

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25
Q

The matrix present inside of a nucleus is known as?

A

Nuceloplasm

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26
Q

Chromosomes are present in the form of strings of DNA and histones(protein molecules) called ———

A

Chromatin

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27
Q

Another name for nucleoplasm is?

A

Karyoplasm

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28
Q

Heterochromatin is —, —, — and —

A

More condensed
Less Rich(high AT)
Gene silenced
Stains darker

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29
Q

Example of an enucleated cell

A

RBC

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30
Q

Example of multi nucleated cells

A

Osteoclasts

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31
Q

The principal organelles involved in protein synthesis are?

A

Nucleus and Ribosome

32
Q

Transcription occurs where?

A

Nucleus

33
Q

Translation occurs where?

A

Cytoplasm

34
Q

Ribosomes consist of two subunits of unequal size what are they??

A

A strand of rRNA and assasociated ribosomal proteins forming a globular structure

35
Q

Diamond black fan anemia and 5q syndrome are examples of what cell structure pathology?

A

Ribosomapathies

36
Q

What Ribosome pathology is due to RPS 14 defect?

A

5q syndrome

37
Q

What Ribosome pathology is due to defects in RPS 19,24

A

Diamond Blackfan anemia

38
Q

Meaning of RPS

A

Radiation protection series

39
Q

In 5q syndrome. Macrocytic anaemia may progress to?

A

Acute Myeloid leukemia

40
Q

What organelle is also an important source of reactive oxygen species?

Oxygen free radicals and Hydrogen peroxide

A

Mitochondria

41
Q

Mitochondria provides enzymatic machinery for?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

42
Q

MtDNA is paternally inherited. T/F

A

False

43
Q

What membrane of Mt contains the enzymes of the respiratory chain folded into Cristae

A

Inner membrane

44
Q

What part of the mitochondria membrane harbors the bulk of certain metabolic enzymes such as CAC?

A

Matrix space

45
Q

Outside the IMM is?

A

Inter-membrane space

46
Q

where is the site of ATP synthesis?

A

Inter membrane space

47
Q

Pathology of Mitochondria is?

A

Leigh syndrome(regression in motor skills)

48
Q

What is the site for synthesis of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for plasma membrane and cellular organelles

A

ER! Including itself

49
Q

The ER consists of interconnecting network of membranous tubules called

A

Vesicles and flattened sacs

50
Q

sER is involved in the synthesis and secretion of protein. T/F

A

False

51
Q

Proteins attain their tertiary structures where?

A

rER

52
Q

Intrachain disulfide bonds are formed and the first step of glycosylation occurs where?

A

Within the rER

53
Q

What organelle is attached to the ends of the rER?

A

Vesicles

54
Q

Modification, sorting and packaging is done by what organelle ?

A

Golgi apparatus

55
Q

The principal function of sER is?

A

Lipid biosynthesis, membrane synthesis and repair

56
Q

The sER exists as a transition zone from —- to transport —- moving to —-

A

rER, vesicles, Golgi

57
Q

sER is abundant in —— because of —-

A

Gonads and adrenals becuase of steroidogenesis

58
Q

The sER is responsible for sequestering ?

A

Intracellular calcium

59
Q

What organelle consists of stacked, saucer shaped membrane bound cisternae

A

Golgi apparatus

60
Q

The proteins packaged into the membrane bound vesicles detach to the cis Golgi network and are transported to their final destinations. T/F

A

False. Trans not Cis

61
Q

Defects in Golgi apparatus leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as?

A

Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease

62
Q

Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles which contain more than 40 digestive enzymes collectively known as——

A

Acid hydrolasea(lipases,phosphatases)

63
Q

Lysosomal storage diseases?

A

Gauchers and Niemann Pick

64
Q

Peroxisomes contain what enzymes?

A

Oxidases and catalases

65
Q

What enzyme regulated peroxide concept and has a protective effect by oxidizing toxic substances such as phenols and alcohols

A

Catalyst enzyme of peroxisomes

66
Q

What enzyme leads to the production of peroxide for killing ingested micro organisms

A

Oxidase enzyme

67
Q

What are the most abundant cytosolic filaments in cells?

A

Actin filaments

68
Q

What filament is a 10nm diameter fibril that consists of a large and heterogeneous family?

A

Intermediate filaments

69
Q

What structure has individual types that have characteristics tissue specific patterns of expression that can be useful for assigning a cell of origin for poorly differentiated tumors

A

Intermediate filaments

70
Q

What kind of intermediate filaments is Mesenchymal cells(fibroblasts, endothelium)

A

Vimentin

71
Q

Muscle cells forming scaffold on which actin and myosin contract is what kind of intermediate filament?

A

Desmin

72
Q

Nuclear lamina of all cells is what what kind of I.F?

A

Lamina A, B, C

73
Q

Axons of neurons imparting strength and rigidity are what kind of I.F?

A

Neurofilaments

74
Q

What I.F has 30 distinct varieties subdivided into acidic(type 1) and neutral/basic(type 2). Different type present in different cells can be used as cell makers

A

Cytokeratins

75
Q

Thickness of microtubules?
What does its fibrils contain?

A

25nm thick
Fibrils composed of dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

76
Q

Within cells microtubules serve as?

A

Connecting cables for molecular motor proteins that use ATP to move organelles around cells along microtubules

77
Q

Microtubules form motile cilia in —- and flagella in —-

A

Bronchial epithelium and sperm

Morbid Anatomy (4 decks)

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