Nord Questions Flashcards
What is the correct sequence of complexity within an organism, going from smallest complexity to largest?
Chemical - cellular - tissue - organ - body system - organism
True or false
The peritoneum only covers the organs in the pelvic cavity
False
True or false
The basic building blocks for making proteins are monosaccharides
False
An atom consists of a nucleus which contains positively charged….
Protons
The nucleus contains neutrons which are….
Uncharged
What subatomic particle circles around the nucleus
Electrons
How are electrons charged?
Negatively
The number of positively and negatively charged particles is usually equal so each atom is electrically….
Neutral
What is the process whereby the body maintains a stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
When body temperature rises, a centre in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of…
Negative feedback
What is the division of the autonomic nervous system that maintains homeostasis during resting conditions?
The parasympathetic division
How does a calcium atom become an ion?
It gives up two electrons to another ion
What sort of chemical bond joins hydrogen and oxygen together to form water?
Covalent
What does connective tissue consist of?
Cells and an extra-cellular matrix of fibres and ground substance
In the human body, cell membranes are…
Perforated by large proteins which help transport some substances into or out of the cell
If the extra-cellular fluid contains a greater concentration of solutes, then the extra-cellular fluid is said to be….
Hypertonic
Which organelles are ‘paralysed’ by nicotine during smoking?
Cilia
What is the process called by which the genetic information encoded in DNA is copied to RNA?
Transcription
What is the stage in mitosis where the sister chromatids separates called?
Anaphase
What event occurs in meiosis, but not in mitosis
Pairing of the homologous chromosomes
Mary has a brother with Haemophilia A, a recessive, X-linked genetic disease. Her parents are not affected by the disease. What is the chance that Mary is a carrier of the disease mutation?
50%
During the menstrual cycle, the repair and regrow the of the endometrium is stimulated by rising levels of which hormone?
Oestrogen
True or false
The posterior fonix is part of the uterus?
False
True or false?
The ovaries are the site of follicle development and the release of oestrogen and progesterone?
True
The pelvic brim is made smaller by the…
Sacral promentary
What do the deep muscles of the pelvic floor cause compression of?
The urethra, vagina and rectum
What does the cervical mucosa undergo during pregnancy
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia
What structures help to form the outlet of the pelvis?
The lower border of the symphysis pubis, the ischial spines, the sacro-spinous ligaments and the lower border of the sacrum
What organism can replicate its DNA inside the host’s cells?
Virus
True or false
During the activation phase of pregnancy, oestrogen is dominant, so more gap junctions develop and the uterus becomes more active
True
What is an infection defined by?
Successful colonisation and multiplication in a body part or tissue, by a microbe capable of causing disease in that tissue
What type of blood does the umbilical vein carry?
Oxygenated blood from the placenta towards the fetus
What is the maternal surface of the placenta divided into?
Elevated regions called lobes
What causes the maternal spiral arteries to be transformed into wide, low pressure blood vessels?
Extravillous trophoblasts
True or false
Oxytocin is produced in large quantities by the placenta during pregnancy?
False
What are the external agents that cross the placenta and cause birth defects?
Teratogens
What landmark on the fetal skull is the mentum?
The chin
What is the suture that runs in the anterior-posterior direction across the vault of the skull
Sagittal suture
What happens to a cephalhaematoma following birth?
It may decrease in size
What is the bregma?
It is a diamond shaped fontanelle
What can the early rupture of membranes during labour cause?
Increased risk of pressure on the umbilical cord during each contraction
True or false
The muscle in the fundus contracts for longer and retracts after each contraction
True
What is crowning?
The point when the widest transverse diameter of the fetal head has emerged from the vagina
Should the midwife apply traction to the umbilical cord to help deliver the placenta during a normal labour?
No
What does retraction mean in regards to the myometrial cells?
The myometrial cells shorten a little after each contraction
Effacement of the cervix occurs due to…
A result of changes in hormone activity, especially prostaglandins
During the second stage of labour, which movement of the fetus follows restitution?
Internal rotation of the shoulders and external rotation of the head
What does a second degree tear affect?
The skin, vaginal wall and muscle within the perineal body
True or false
One sign of separation of the placenta is when the cord stops pulsating
False
What controls blood loss following the separation and delivery of the placenta?
Mostly achieved by strong and sustained contractions of the uterus
What helps blood return to the heart from the lower limbs?
The skeletal muscles
True or false
When a healthy woman lies on her back during the latter stages of pregnancy, she may feel faint. This is due to her blood pressure rising
False
During a contraction of the heart, where does the blood flow to next as it leaves the right atrium?
The right ventricle
True of false
The aorta has very ‘elastic’ walls that recoil after being stretched
True
When does the blood flow through the capillaries in the skin decrease?
When the arterioles constrict and become narrower
What is the endocardium?
A layer of squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart
When is the only time that the vessels that supply blood to the heart muscle do this?
When the heart muscle is relaxed
What is the order of the pulmonary circulation as the blood flows from the right ventricle?
Pulmonary trunk - pulmonary arteries - pulmonary capillaries - pulmonary veins - left atrium
What causes the sounds that the heart makes?
The closure of the heart valves
What is normal heart action?
When the two atria contract together and then the two ventricles contract a little later
