Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Nonverbal comm-Midterm 3 > Nonverbal behavior and the elderly > Flashcards

Nonverbal behavior and the elderly Flashcards

1
Q

key point

A

there is considerable variability in the encoding and decoding of nonverbal behavior among the elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

changes in paralanguage

A
  • increased pitch for males
  • increase in jitter (varying pitch of voice, produces rough sound) and shimmer (varying loudness of voice; produces a shaky quality)
  • decreased speech rate
  • increased dysfluency (e.g. hesitations, speech errors, etc) comparable to that of elementary school children (return to child-like patterns of behavior)
  • d2l
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

encoding to the elderly by others

A
  • young adults speak to elderly with high vocal intensity and high pitch, especially if they have minimal contact with elderly people
  • people speak more slowly to elderly than young adults (smartest)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

decoding of elderly peoples speech

A
  • people can make gross judgments about a speakers age from his/her voice
  • negative stereotypes are often associated with voices of the elderly
  • the more slowly a person speaks, the older they are judged to be
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

elderly decoding of paralanguage

A
  • hearing problems, especially fast speech and background noises
  • can improve with ehanced intonation
  • elderly people do not perform as well as young adults on decoding emotion in the voice, even when controlling for hearing loss, working memory, and cognitive decline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

encoding of facial expression

A
  • malatesta and izard (1987) studied elderly women and found that they showed more masking and blends
  • sagging of facial muscles (slow sign vehicles) gave impression of permanent emotional state.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

decoding elderly facial expression

A
  • hard for untrained observers to accurately decode elderly facial expressions
  • observers see sadness with elderly report anger
  • people are best at decoding age-matched peers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

decoding elderly facial expression of emotion

A
  • young (20-39), middle (40-59) old (60-81) healthy adults were asked to pose facial expressions
  • a panel of young, middle, and older raters had to judge which expression was being posed
  • accuracy in judging expressions was lowest when encoder was an older adult
  • d2l*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

elderly decoding of facial expressions

A
  • elderly (60-80) perform sig. worse than younger adults (20-40) on decoding facial expressions of emotion
  • they perform as well when decoding emotion from the voice
  • elderly with Alzheimers have more problems decoding facial expressions of emotion than healthy or psychiatric outpatient elderly
  • peak performance in the ability to identify facial exp. of emotion is in middle age, children and older adults perform worst
  • fear, sadness, anger, happiness, were hardest for the elderly to decode
  • West et al (2012) d2l*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

elderly gaze at facial expressions of emotion (2012)

A
  • older adults looked less freq. and shorter periods of time at angry and somewhat longer at happy faces, than younger adults
  • d2l*
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

brain activation for decoding age matched peers (d2l)

A

-brain activation is highest when elderly and young decode faces of other elderly or young faces; with the exception of angry faces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

elderly decoding facial expression and health outcomes

A
  • facial expressions of physical therapists
  • esp smiles
  • pos. associated with improvements over time in:
  • mobility
  • performing activities of daily living
  • decrease in confusion
  • facial expressiveness conveys empathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

elderly encoding space

A
  • dyads interacting in public are closest for young children and old people and farthest for middle aged (1972)
  • dyads in shopping mall: closest distance in preschool and senior citizen pairs (1983)
  • when approaching a friend, elderly W (63-85) use personal space, young women (19-24) use intimate space (1981)
  • between age 56-94, older age is associated with a preference for closer space except among those with limited mobility who prefer more space (2003)
  • d2l
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

possible reasons for decrease in space

A
  • sensory problems
  • social isolation
  • dependency
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

decoding of space by elderly

A
  • elderly females perform better on tasks when they can sit close to another person-opposite for college students
  • elderly females find closeness enjoyable
  • people tolerate closeness more when being invaded by someone of the same age (1974)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

encoding touch

A
  • overrall levels of touch do not differ from the general adult population
  • more same sex touching however
17
Q

decoding touch

A
  • elderly subjects dislike certain types of touch (e.g. putting arms around them) but find others acceptable (e.g. hand on arm)
  • touch from male nurse was seen as very disagreeable
  • touch from female nurse was rated as more acceptable (1977)
18
Q

encoding gaze

A
  • Newmann and Mcauley, 1977, had confederates stand in doorway of post office and gaze at people as they entered
  • youngest (below 15) and oldest (older than 50) were most likely to gaze
  • Goldman and Murinhead did the same thing in shopping mall
  • mean duration of gaze (18-30) 2.44, (31-55) 1.23, and (56 above) 2.36
19
Q

encoding gaze to manage mood

A
  • young adults demonstrate mood congruent gaze, looking more at positive faces when in a good mood and negative when in a bad mood
  • older=mood incongruent, positive gaze>looking to positive and away from negative when in a bad mood
  • this study suggests that for older adults, gaze doesn’t reflect mood, but rather is used to REGULATE it
20
Q

decoding gaze

A
  • elderly people less likely to decode direct gaze as a sign of honesty or gaze aversion as a sign of dishonesty, compared to young adults
  • the ability to detect subtle differences in gaze aversion decreases with age d2l
21
Q

conclusions

A
  • apparent return to “childlike” patterns of nonverbal behavior
  • physiological changes in encoding and decoding apparatus may contribute to changes, as well as psychological and social changes
  • need to slightly adjust comm. behaviors for effective interaction with the elderly

Nonverbal comm-Midterm 3 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions