Deception

Question 1

definition of deception

Answer 1

an act INTENDED to foster in another, a belief than the deceiver considers false

Question 2

key

Answer 2

conscious delberate intention

Question 3

deceptions dual nature

Answer 3

communication of specific info, and metacommunication about the truth value of the content

Question 4

deception v. leakage cues

Answer 4

• deception cues: info that gives away the falsehood

- leakage cues: info that gives away the true info

Question 5

Cue competition

Answer 5

when verbal and nonverbal signs carry implications that are at odds

Question 6

*detection apprehension

Answer 6

fear of being caught at telling a lie

Question 7

*The Othello Error

Answer 7

occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress may appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved (Ex: nervous even though not guilty, police example)

Question 8

underlying emotional factors in deception

Answer 8

• fear (detection apprehension)
• guilt (deception guilt)
• excitement (duping delight, ex: Rope by Hitchcock, Tell Tale Heart, invited police over)

Question 9

why do most lies fail?

Answer 9

-either inadequate preparation or the interference of emotions

Question 10

theoretical approaches to deception (4)

Answer 10

• attempted control (lacking in spontaneoity)
• arousal (lying makes people aroused, will amp up nonverbal behaviors)
• affect (lots of emotions, especially when stakes are hight)
• cognitive load (lying is difficult, easier to tell the truth, have to keep story straight)

Question 11

humans are poor lie detectors- Vrij, 2000 study

Answer 11

• reviewed 40 studies
• 67% accuracy for detecting truths
• 44% for detecting lies
• high accuracy for truth, low for lies= “truth bias”
• we assume people tell us the truth

Question 12

humans as poor lie detectors- Bond and DePaulo, 2006

Answer 12

• results from 206 reports and 24,483 judges
• people achieve an average of 54% correct lie-truth judgments
• correctly classifying 47% of lies as deceptive and 61% of truths as non deceptives

Question 13

human as poor lie detectors- 2008, Bond and DePaulo

Answer 13

• reviewed 142 studies
• 19,801 judges
• mean accuracy of 54.05% in discriminating lies from truths
• mean of 55.5% accuracy for truth judgements

Question 14

Conclusion of humans as poor lie detectors

Answer 14

• people do not do much better than chance at detecting deception
• people typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability, this is misplaced confidence (bad, but think they are good)

Question 15

How good are the pros?

Answer 15

• students interviewed twice by police officers
• in both interviews, denied having a pair of headphones, when in fact they really did in one of the interviews
• 360 police watched the video taped interviews
• accuracy rates low
• in the BEST condition, police performed at 60%
• their confidence was high
• the correlation between their confidence and actual ability to detect deception was r=.04 (virtually 0, hardly any relationship whatsoever)

Question 16

1995 truth bias

Answer 16

• people are especially likely to judge familiar vs. unfamiliar persons as truthful
• “my partner has been honest in the past, therefore they are being truthful now”

Question 17

detecting deception in children

Answer 17

• induced 3-7 year olds to lie
• temptation resistance paradigm
• college students watched video taped interrogation
• 3-7 year olds have not fully developed their deception skills
• however, judges could only accurately detect liars based on nonverbal cues

Question 18

is anyone good at detecting lies?

Answer 18

• NO, no compelling evidence that some people are good and others not
• the standard deviation of judges detection abilities is only 1%, someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile

Question 19

why are humans poor lie detectors?

Answer 19

• lack of motivation to catch liars (ostrich effect)
• absence of Pinocchio’s nose (single cue that indicates lying)
• countermeasures (deliberately attempt to conceal lies, appear credible)
• embedded lies (embedded with truth-most truths)
• no adequate feedback (not instant or immediate, may never know)
• violation of conversational rules
• good liars (sociopaths, pathological liars)

Question 20

common errors in lie detection

Answer 20

• examining the wrong cues
• overemphasis on nonverbals
• the othello error
• overconfidence in lie detection abilities
• use of heuristics
• neglect of interpersonal differences (naturally fidgety, eye contact, etc.)

Question 21

the following are significantly associated with deception

Answer 21

• providing fewer details
• making less sense
• internal discrepancies
• repetitions
• less verbal/vocal involvement
• fewer illustrators
• less verbal immediacy
• pupil dialation
• increased vocal pitch (hardest to control)
• THESE WILL BE ON TEST

Question 22

following NOT associated with deception

Answer 22

• eye contact
• speech disturbances
• smiling
• silent pauses
• head nods
• response latency
• shrugs
• posture shifts
• speech rate
• foot/leg movements
• response duration
• self-fidgeting

Question 23

detecting deceptive communication

Answer 23

• 73 nurses watched video
• they were interviewed and had to either tell a truth about the video or lie
• liars: fewer illustrators and hand movements, more ah-speech disturbances, and longer response latencies than truth tellers
• using these 4 NV behaviors, 71% of truth tellers and 85% of liars were correctly classified

Question 24

be attentive to microexpressions

Answer 24

• momentary expressions of facial emotion
• squelched almost immediately
• insight into underlying emotion