Nonspecific Defense

Question 1

sweat

Answer 1

salt and lysozyme

Question 2

goblet cells

Answer 2

produce mucus

Question 3

siderophore

Answer 3

bacteria that secrete iron-binding proteins that steal iron from body

Question 4

leukocytes- granulocytes

Answer 4

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils and mast cells

Question 5

leukocytes- agranulocytes

Answer 5

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK lymphocytes
monocytes -> macrophages

Question 6

NK lymphocytes

Answer 6

induce apoptosis in virus
secrete toxins
differentiate body cells and infected cells

Question 7

monocytes

Answer 7

wandering or fixed

in the reticuloendothelial system

Question 8

phagocytosis

Answer 8

diapedesis and chemotaxis: from chemicals released by microbes, damaged tissue, and cytokines
adherence and ingestion
digestion and killing
elimination

Question 9

diapedesis

Answer 9

cell attacks pathogens in tissue by leaving the blood

Question 10

chemotaxis

Answer 10

movement of a cell toward an infection site

Question 11

phagocytosis: adherence and ingestion

Answer 11

formation of phagosome
microbes avoid by virulence factors
host fights back by covering with antimicrobial proteins
opsonins: proteins that increase binding sites on microbes surface

Question 12

phagocytosis: digestion and killing

Answer 12

phagolysosome formation
release of toxic antimicrobial products
microbes avoid by virulence factors

Question 13

phagocytosis: elimination

Answer 13

exocytosis

Question 14

complement system, generally

Answer 14

more than 20 proteins in plasma
activated sequentially
actions:
-enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)
-enhanced inflammation, chemotaxis
-lysis of microbes

Question 15

classic pathway

Answer 15

antibodies take a week to be produced
antibodies attach to antigen, complements reestablish homeostasis
start at C1

Question 16

properdin pathway (alternative)

Answer 16

bipass C1, start at C3

early in infection

Question 17

lectin pathway

Answer 17

lectins bind to surface receptors on pathogens

bipass C1, start at C2/C4

Question 18

interferon

Answer 18

binds to receptors on uninfected cells, making antiviral proteins
(protein kinase and synthetase destroy mRNA and inhibit protein synthesis)
type 1: alpha and beta produced by viral-infected cells (viruses cannot replicate inside)
type 2: gamma produced by activated T cells, NK cells (stimulates macrophages and neutrophils)

Question 19

lactoferrin

Answer 19

iron-binding glycoprotein found in body fluids

retakes iron from bacteria after they take it

Question 20

causes of inflammation

Answer 20

1. damage
2. toxins and enzymes and waste
3. damage
4. loss of homeostasis
5. inflammation
   signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain

Question 21

acute inflammatory process

Answer 21

damaged cells release histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
mast cells, basophils, platelets release histamine in response to C3a, C5a
vasodilation
repair

Question 22

results of vasodilation

Answer 22

increased phagocyte migration: margination and diapedesis
increased delivery of blood borne antimicrobial products, clotting proteins, oxygen
edema

Question 23

chronic inflammation

Answer 23

increased production of toxic anti-macrophage products
granulomas
may cause loss of function

Question 24

fever stimulants

Answer 24

pyrogens

leak into blood stream

Question 25

fever process

Answer 25

pyrogens go to hypothalamus
increase core body temperature
induces shivering
peripheral vasoconstriction
stops sweating
increase metabolic rate

Question 26

effects of fever

Answer 26

increase immune response
increase interferon production
inhibits microbial growth (decreases plasma iron, increases temp)
illness
can damage neuronal cells over 38.5C

Question 27

sebum

Answer 27

decreases pH of skin

Question 28

defensins

Answer 28

dermicidins, inhibit bacterial growth

Question 29

mucous membrane chemical defense

Answer 29

lysozyme, HCl

Question 30

neutrophils

Answer 30

kamikaze, kill pathogens and tissue; create abscesses

Question 31

eosinophils

Answer 31

attack parasitic helminths, toxins; nonphagocytic

Question 32

basophils

Answer 32

release inflammatory chemicals

Question 33

C3b, C4b

Answer 33

enhanced phagocytosis (opsonization)

Question 34

C3a, C4a, C5a

Answer 34

enhanced inflammation, chemotaxis

Question 35

MACs, C5-C9

Answer 35

lysis of microbes