Immunological Disorders

Question 1

hypersensitivity

Answer 1

unwanted immune response against harmless antigen perceived as damage

Question 2

hypersensitivity type 1

Answer 2

immediate, “allergy”
due to release of inflam molecules in response toantigen
IgE mediated

Question 3

systemic allergic reaction

Answer 3

many mast cells degranulating at once
acute anaphylaxis
suffocation
treat promptly with epinephrine

Question 4

hypersensitivity type 1 process

Answer 4

MHC II presents epitope
Th2 cells release IL4
IL4 goes to plasma cell
produces antibodies (IgE)
IgE binds to receptors on mast cells, basophils, eosinophils
degranulation: release of histamines, kinins, proteases, etc.

Question 5

hypersensitivity type 2

Answer 5

cytotoxic
allergen on surface of any cell
IgG, onset in hours or days
complement and antibody activity
cells destroyed by immune response
ex: destruction of blood cells after bad transfusion
ex: destruction of fetal RBCs in hemolytic disease (Rh)

Question 6

hemolytic disease of newborn

Answer 6

Rh- mother carrying second Rh+ baby

antibodies can pass through placenta

Question 7

hypersensitivity type 2: drug-induced cytotoxic reactions

Answer 7

some drugs bind the surface of cells and stimulate the production of antibodies
can produce various diseases

Question 8

hypersensitivity type 3

Answer 8

antigen-antibody complex mediated

onset in hours or days

Question 9

hypersensitivity type 3 process

Answer 9

antigen-antibody complex forms
phagocytes remove most
activates complement cascade
makes poor in vessel via inflammatory chemicals

ex: rheumatoid arthritis, treat with antiinflammatory
ex: lupus- antibody vs DNA

Question 10

hypersensitivity type 4

Answer 10

cell-mediated (T cells and macrophages), not associated with antibodies
onset in 1-3 days
action of antigen, APC, and T-cells
delay reflects time it takes for macrophages and T cells to migrate to site of antigen

Question 11

hypersensitivity type 4 process

Answer 11

MHC II present antigen to helper cell
produce lots of IL2
overstimulation of macrophages
macrophages go back to original dendritic cell to destroy

ex: TB test
ex: graft rejection

Question 12

anaphylactic shock

Answer 12

systemic type 1 reaction
suffocation
treated with epinephrine promptly (epi pen)
systemic release of histamine
throat swelling
decreased blood pressure

Question 13

prevention of type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 13

hygiene hypothesis (siblings, pets, school, farms decrease allergies)
avoidance
anti-histamines
corticoids (if eosinophils are involved)
immunotherapy (series of dilute allergen injections)

Question 14

reaction to drugs

Answer 14

drug binds to platelet, antibodies bind to drug, complement binds to antibody, platelets lyse, destroyed

Question 15

causes of autoimmune diseases

Answer 15

body makes autoantibodies or cytotoxic cells against normal body components
estrogen
increased T cells -> tissue destruction
maternal cells cross placenta and cause damage
genetic factors
environment
microbes trigger autoimmunity because of molecular mimicry
failure of immune system
viral infection
T cells find hidden self-antigens

Question 16

organ specific autoimmune disease

Answer 16

autoimmune hemolytic anemia (blood cells)
type 1 diabetes mellitus (endocrine organs)
grave's disease (endocrine organs)
MS (nervous tissue)
rheumatoid arthritis (connective tissue)

Question 17

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 17

born with/ early development
genetic mutation

IgA deficiency
chronic granulomas
SCID
DiGeorge
Bruton-type

Question 18

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 18

develop later
environment or infecious cause

malnutrition
HIV
AIDS